ACE2, the Counter-Regulatory Renin-Angiotensin System Axis and COVID-19 Severity.
Filippos Triposkiadis,Andrew Xanthopoulos,Grigorios Giamouzis,Konstantinos Dean Boudoulas,Randall C. Starling,John Skoularigis,Harisios Boudoulas,Efstathios K. Iliodromitis +7 more
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TLDR
In this article, the relationship between ACE2 expression and function in the lungs and other organs and COVID-19 severity was discussed and the effect of ACE2 upregulation with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) counterbalances the risks due to counterregulatory RAS axis amplification.Abstract:
Angiotensin (ANG)-converting enzyme (ACE2) is an entry receptor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). ACE2 also contributes to a deviation of the lung renin-angiotensin system (RAS) towards its counter-regulatory axis, thus transforming harmful ANG II to protective ANG (1-7). Based on this purported ACE2 double function, it has been put forward that the benefit from ACE2 upregulation with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) counterbalances COVID-19 risks due to counter-regulatory RAS axis amplification. In this manuscript we discuss the relationship between ACE2 expression and function in the lungs and other organs and COVID-19 severity. Recent data suggested that the involvement of ACE2 in the lung counter-regulatory RAS axis is limited. In this setting, an augmentation of ACE2 expression and/or a dissociation of ACE2 from the ANG (1-7)/Mas pathways that leaves unopposed the ACE2 function, the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor, predisposes to more severe disease and it appears to often occur in the relevant risk factors. Further, the effect of RAASi on ACE2 expression and on COVID-19 severity and the overall clinical implications are discussed.read more
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Molecular pathways involved in COVID-19 and potential pathway-based therapeutic targets.
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Molecular pathways involved in COVID-19 and potential pathway-based therapeutic targets
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References
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Human kidney is a target for novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection.
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Airways Expression of SARS-CoV-2 Receptor, ACE2, and TMPRSS2 Is Lower in Children Than Adults and Increases with Smoking and COPD
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TL;DR: The results suggest that the observed difference in COVID-19 severity between children and adults could, in part, be attributed to the difference in ACE2 and TMPRSS2 airways tissue expression levels.
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Chronic kidney disease is a key risk factor for severe COVID-19: a call to action by the ERA-EDTA.
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Mineralocorticoid Receptor Blocker Increases Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Activity in Congestive Heart Failure Patients
Shlomo Keidar,Aviva Gamliel-Lazarovich,Marielle Kaplan,Elsa Pavlotzky,Shadi Hamoud,Tony Hayek,Rachel Karry,Zaid Abassi +7 more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Exploring Diseases/Traits and Blood Proteins Causally Related to Expression of ACE2, the Putative Receptor of SARS-CoV-2: A Mendelian Randomization Analysis Highlights Tentative Relevance of Diabetes-Related Traits.
TL;DR: It is suggested that diabetes and related traits may increase ACE2 expression, which may influence susceptibility to infection (or more severe infection), however, none of these findings withstood rigorous multiple testing corrections.