ACE2, the Counter-Regulatory Renin-Angiotensin System Axis and COVID-19 Severity.
Filippos Triposkiadis,Andrew Xanthopoulos,Grigorios Giamouzis,Konstantinos Dean Boudoulas,Randall C. Starling,John Skoularigis,Harisios Boudoulas,Efstathios K. Iliodromitis +7 more
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TLDR
In this article, the relationship between ACE2 expression and function in the lungs and other organs and COVID-19 severity was discussed and the effect of ACE2 upregulation with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) counterbalances the risks due to counterregulatory RAS axis amplification.Abstract:
Angiotensin (ANG)-converting enzyme (ACE2) is an entry receptor of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). ACE2 also contributes to a deviation of the lung renin-angiotensin system (RAS) towards its counter-regulatory axis, thus transforming harmful ANG II to protective ANG (1-7). Based on this purported ACE2 double function, it has been put forward that the benefit from ACE2 upregulation with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi) counterbalances COVID-19 risks due to counter-regulatory RAS axis amplification. In this manuscript we discuss the relationship between ACE2 expression and function in the lungs and other organs and COVID-19 severity. Recent data suggested that the involvement of ACE2 in the lung counter-regulatory RAS axis is limited. In this setting, an augmentation of ACE2 expression and/or a dissociation of ACE2 from the ANG (1-7)/Mas pathways that leaves unopposed the ACE2 function, the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor, predisposes to more severe disease and it appears to often occur in the relevant risk factors. Further, the effect of RAASi on ACE2 expression and on COVID-19 severity and the overall clinical implications are discussed.read more
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Shutoku Matsuyama,Naganori Nao,Kazuya Shirato,Miyuki Kawase,Shinji Saito,Ikuyo Takayama,Noriyo Nagata,Tsuyoshi Sekizuka,Hiroshi Katoh,Fumihiro Kato,Masafumi Sakata,Maino Tahara,Satoshi Kutsuna,Norio Ohmagari,Makoto Kuroda,Tadaki Suzuki,Tsutomu Kageyama,Makoto Takeda +17 more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Individuals with obesity and COVID-19: A global perspective on the epidemiology and biological relationships.
Barry M. Popkin,Barry M. Popkin,Shufa Du,William R. Green,Melinda A. Beck,Taghred Algaith,Christopher H. Herbst,Reem Alsukait,Reem Alsukait,Mohammed Alluhidan,Nahar Alazemi,Meera Shekar +11 more
TL;DR: Mechanistic pathways for individuals with obesity are presented in depth for factors linked with COVID‐19 risk, severity and their potential for diminished therapeutic and prophylactic treatments among these individuals.