Autophagic cell death: Loch Ness monster or endangered species?
Han-Ming Shen,Patrice Codogno +1 more
TLDR
This work proposes to define autophagic cell death as a modality of non-apoptotic or necrotic programmed cell death in which autophagy serves as a cell death mechanism, upon meeting the following set of criteria: cell death occurs without the involvement of apoptosis.Abstract:
The concept of autophagic cell death was first established based on observations of increased autophagic markers in dying cells. The major limitation of such a morphology-based definition of autophagic cell death is that it fails to establish the functional role of autophagy in the cell death process, and thus contributes to the confusion in the literature regarding the role of autophagy in cell death and cell survival. Here we propose to define autophagic cell death as a modality of non-apoptotic or necrotic programmed cell death in which autophagy serves as a cell death mechanism, upon meeting the following set of criteria: (i) cell death occurs without the involvement of apoptosis; (ii) there is an increase of autophagic flux, and not just an increase of the autophagic markers, in the dying cells; and (iii) suppression of autophagy via both pharmacological inhibitors and genetic approaches is able to rescue or prevent cell death. In light of this new definition, we will discuss some of the common problems and difficulties in the study of autophagic cell death and also revisit some well-reported cases of autophagic cell death, aiming to achieve a better understanding of whether autophagy is a real killer, an accomplice or just an innocent bystander in the course of cell death. At present, the physiological relevance of autophagic cell death is mainly observed in lower eukaryotes and invertebrates such as Dictyostelium discoideum and Drosophila melanogaster. We believe that such a clear definition of autophagic cell death will help us study and understand the physiological or pathological relevance of autophagic cell death in mammals.read more
Citations
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Self-consumption: the interplay of autophagy and apoptosis
TL;DR: The dialogue between autophagy and cell death pathways influences the normal clearance of dying cells, as well as immune recognition of dead cell antigens, and the disruption of the relationship between autphagy and apoptosis has important pathophysiological consequences.
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Apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, and cancer metastasis
TL;DR: This review summarizes the recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms by which key regulators of apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis participate in cancer metastasis and discusses the crosstalk between apoptosis-autophagy-and-novoptosis involved in the regulation of cancer metastatic processes.
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Mitophagy-dependent necroptosis contributes to the pathogenesis of COPD
Kenji Mizumura,Kenji Mizumura,Kenji Mizumura,Suzanne M. Cloonan,Suzanne M. Cloonan,Kiichi Nakahira,Kiichi Nakahira,Abhiram R. Bhashyam,Morgan Cervo,Tohru Kitada,Kimberly Glass,Caroline A. Owen,Ashfaq Mahmood,George R. Washko,Shu Hashimoto,Stefan W. Ryter,Stefan W. Ryter,Augustine M.K. Choi +17 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that CS causes mitochondrial dysfunction that is associated with a reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential and implicate mitophagy-dependent necroptosis in lung emphysematous changes in response to CS exposure, suggesting that this pathway is a therapeutic target for COPD.
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Cell death by autophagy: facts and apparent artefacts
TL;DR: The role of autophagy in cell death is discussed in this paper, where the potential significance of cell death by autophagous cell death has been investigated in physiological settings.
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Berberine: new perspectives for old remedies.
TL;DR: A growing body of reports supports the evidence that berberine has anticancer effects, being able to block the proliferation of and to kill cancer cells.
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