Avian influenza A H5N1 virus: a continuous threat to humans.
Kelvin K. W. To,Kenneth H. L. Ng,Tak-Lun Que,Jacky Chan,Kay-Yan Tsang,Alan Kl Tsang,Honglin Chen,Kwok-Yung Yuen +7 more
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TLDR
The first case of severe pneumonia due to co-infection with the emerging avian influenza A (H5N1) virus subclade 2.3.2.1 and Mycoplasma pneumoniae is reported.Abstract:
We report the first case of severe pneumonia due to co-infection with the emerging avian influenza A (H5N1) virus subclade 2.3.2.1 and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The patient was a returning traveller who had visited a poultry market in South China. We then review the epidemiology, virology, interspecies barrier limiting poultry-to-human transmission, clinical manifestation, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and control measures of H5N1 clades that can be transmitted to humans. The recent controversy regarding the experiments involving aerosol transmission of recombinant H5N1 virus between ferrets is discussed. We also review the relative contribution of the poor response to antiviral treatment and the virus-induced hyperinflammatory damage to the pathogenesis and the high mortality of this infection. The factors related to the host, virus or medical intervention leading to the difference in disease mortality of different countries remain unknown. Because most developing countries have difficulty in instituting effective biosecurity measures, poultry vaccination becomes an important control measure. The rapid evolution of the virus would adversely affect the efficacy of poultry vaccination unless a correctly matched vaccine was chosen, manufactured and administered in a timely manner. Vigilant surveillance must continue to allow better preparedness for another poultry or human pandemic due to new viral mutants.read more
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Human infections with the emerging avian influenza A H7N9 virus from wet market poultry: clinical analysis and characterisation of viral genome
Yu Chen,Weifeng Liang,Shigui Yang,Nanping Wu,Hainv Gao,Jifang Sheng,Hangping Yao,Jianer Wo,Qiang Fang,Dawei Cui,Yongcheng Li,Xing Yao,Yun-Tao Zhang,Haibo Wu,Shufa Zheng,Hongyan Diao,Shichang Xia,Yanjun Zhang,Kwok-Hung Chan,Hoi-Wah Tsoi,Jade Lee-Lee Teng,Wenjun Song,Pui Wang,Siu-Ying Lau,Min Zheng,Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan,Kelvin K. W. To,Honglin Chen,Lanjuan Li,Kwok-Yung Yuen +29 more
TL;DR: Cross species poultry-to-person transmission of this new reassortant H7N9 virus is associated with severe pneumonia and multiorgan dysfunction in human beings and monitoring of the viral evolution and further study of disease pathogenesis will improve disease management, epidemic control, and pandemic preparedness.
Journal ArticleDOI
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: Another Zoonotic Betacoronavirus Causing SARS-Like Disease
Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan,Susanna K. P. Lau,Kelvin K. W. To,Vincent C.C. Cheng,Patrick C. Y. Woo,Kwok-Yung Yuen +5 more
TL;DR: Developing an effective camel MERS-CoV vaccine and implementing appropriate infection control measures may control the continuing epidemic.
Journal ArticleDOI
Interspecies transmission and emergence of novel viruses: lessons from bats and birds.
TL;DR: Bats and birds are natural reservoirs for providing viral genes during evolution of new virus species and viruses for interspecies transmission and the increased intrusion of humans into wildlife habitats and overcrowding of different wildlife species in wet markets and farms have facilitated the inter species transmission.
Journal ArticleDOI
Drug resistance in influenza A virus: the epidemiology and management.
TL;DR: This review traces the epidemiology of both adamantane- and NAI-resistant IAV subtypes since the approval of these drugs and highlights the susceptibility status of currently circulating I AV subtypes to NAIs.
Journal ArticleDOI
Broad-spectrum antivirals for the emerging Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus.
Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan,Kwok-Hung Chan,Richard Y.T. Kao,Kelvin K. W. To,Bo-Jian Zheng,Clara P. Y. Li,Patrick T.W. Li,Jun Dai,Florence K.Y. Mok,Honglin Chen,Frederick G. Hayden,Kwok-Yung Yuen +11 more
TL;DR: Assessment of the anti-MERS-CoV activities of the identified compounds and of interferons, nelfinavir, and lopinavir because of their reported anti-coronavirus activities in terms of cytopathic effect inhibition, viral yield reduction, and plaque reduction assays suggests Interferon-β1b with mycophenolic acid should be considered in treatment trials of MERS.
References
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TL;DR: The ability of hospital ventilation systems to filter Aspergillus and other fungi following a building implosion and the impact of bedside design and furnishing on nosocomial infections are investigated.
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Fatal outcome of human influenza A (H5N1) is associated with high viral load and hypercytokinemia
Menno D. de Jong,Cameron P. Simmons,Tran Tan Thanh,Vo Minh Hien,Gavin J. D. Smith,Tran Nguyen Bich Chau,Dang Minh Hoang,Nguyen Van Vinh Chau,Truong Huu Khanh,Vo Cong Dong,Phan Tu Qui,Bach Van Cam,Do Quang Ha,Yi Guan,J. S. Malik Peiris,Nguyen Tran Chinh,Tran Tinh Hien,Jeremy Farrar +17 more
TL;DR: The observations indicate that high viral load, and the resulting intense inflammatory responses, are central to influenza H5N1 pathogenesis and the focus of clinical management should be on preventing this intense cytokine response, by early diagnosis and effective antiviral treatment.
Journal ArticleDOI
Airborne transmission of influenza A/H5N1 virus between ferrets
Sander Herfst,Eefje J. A. Schrauwen,Martin Linster,Salin Chutinimitkul,Emmie de Wit,Vincent J. Munster,Erin M. Sorrell,Theo M. Bestebroer,David F. Burke,Derek J. Smith,Derek J. Smith,Derek J. Smith,Guus F. Rimmelzwaan,Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus,Ron A. M. Fouchier +14 more
TL;DR: Avian A/H5N1 influenza viruses can acquire the capacity for airborne transmission between mammals without recombination in an intermediate host and therefore constitute a risk for human pandemic influenza.
Journal ArticleDOI
Avian flu: influenza virus receptors in the human airway.
TL;DR: An anatomical difference in the distribution in the human airway of the different binding molecules preferred by the avian and human influenza viruses is demonstrated to provide a rational explanation for why H5N1 viruses at present rarely infect and spread between humans although they can replicate efficiently in the lungs.
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