Journal ArticleDOI
Bose-Einstein condensation of exciton polaritons
Jacek Kasprzak,Maxime Richard,S. Kundermann,A. Baas,P. Jeambrun,Jonathan Keeling,Francesca Maria Marchetti,Marzena H. Szymańska,Régis André,Jl Staehli,Vincenzo Savona,Peter B. Littlewood,Benoit Deveaud,Le Si Dang +13 more
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TLDR
A comprehensive set of experiments giving compelling evidence for BEC of polaritons of bosonic quasi-particles are detailed, which indicate the spontaneous onset of a macroscopic quantum phase.Abstract:
Phase transitions to quantum condensed phases—such as Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC), superfluidity, and superconductivity—have long fascinated scientists, as they bring pure quantum effects to a macroscopic scale. BEC has, for example, famously been demonstrated in dilute atom gas of rubidium atoms at temperatures below 200 nanokelvin. Much effort has been devoted to finding a solid-state system in which BEC can take place. Promising candidate systems are semiconductor microcavities, in which photons are confined and strongly coupled to electronic excitations, leading to the creation of exciton polaritons. These bosonic quasi-particles are 109 times lighter than rubidium atoms, thus theoretically permitting BEC to occur at standard cryogenic temperatures. Here we detail a comprehensive set of experiments giving compelling evidence for BEC of polaritons. Above a critical density, we observe massive occupation of the ground state developing from a polariton gas at thermal equilibrium at 19 K, an increase of temporal coherence, and the build-up of long-range spatial coherence and linear polarization, all of which indicate the spontaneous onset of a macroscopic quantum phase. Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC), a form of matter first postulated in 1924, has famously been demonstrated in dilute atomic gases at ultra-low temperatures. Much effort is now being devoted to exploring solid-state systems in which BEC can occur. In theory semiconductor microcavities, where photons are confined and coupled to electronic excitations leading to the creation of polaritons, could allow BEC at standard cryogenic temperatures. Kasprzak et al. now present experiments in which polaritons are excited in such a microcavity. Above a critical polariton density, spontaneous onset of a macroscopic quantum phase occurs, indicating a solid-state BEC. BEC should also be possible at higher temperatures if coupling of light with solid excitations is sufficiently strong. Demokritov et al. have achieved just that, BEC at room temperature in a gas of magnons, which are a type of magnetic excitation. This paper presents a comprehensive set of experiments in which polaritons are excited in a semiconductor microcavity. Above a critical density of polaritons, massive occupation of the ground state at 19 K is observed and various pieces of experimental evidence point to a spontaneous onset of a macroscopic quantum phase.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Persistent circular currents of exciton-polaritons in cylindrical pillar microcavities
V. A. Lukoshkin,V. A. Lukoshkin,V. K. Kalevich,V. K. Kalevich,M. M. Afanasiev,M. M. Afanasiev,K. V. Kavokin,K. V. Kavokin,Z. Hatzopoulos,Pavlos G. Savvidis,Pavlos G. Savvidis,Evgeny Sedov,Alexey Kavokin,Alexey Kavokin,Alexey Kavokin +14 more
TL;DR: In this paper, an eddy current of exciton polaritons arising in a cylindrical GaAs/AlGaAs pillar microcavity under the nonresonant optical pumping was observed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Quantum Fluctuations in the Fröhlich Condensate of Molecular Vibrations Driven Far From Equilibrium
TL;DR: The energy redistribution among vibrational modes with nonlinearity included is shown to be essential for realizing the condensate and the phonon-number distribution, revealing the transition from quasithermal to super-Poissonian statistics with the pump.
Journal ArticleDOI
Photon-Number-Resolved Measurement of an Exciton-Polariton Condensate.
Martin Klaas,Elisabeth Schlottmann,Hugo Flayac,Fabrice P. Laussy,F. Gericke,Marco Schmidt,Marco Schmidt,Martin von Helversen,Jörn Beyer,Sebastian Brodbeck,H. Suchomel,Sven Höfling,Sven Höfling,Stephan Reitzenstein,Christian Schneider +14 more
TL;DR: The full photon-number distribution emitted from a Bose condensate of microcavity exciton polaritons confined in a micropillar cavity is measured, paving the way for a full understanding of the contribution of interactions in light-matter condensates in the coherence buildup at threshold.
Journal ArticleDOI
Magnetofermionic condensate in two dimensions.
L. V. Kulik,A. S. Zhuravlev,S. Dickmann,A. V. Gorbunov,Vladislav B. Timofeev,I. V. Kukushkin,S. Schmult +6 more
TL;DR: The observed effects are related to formation of a super-absorbing state interacting coherently with the electromagnetic field, and are explicable from the viewpoint of a coherent condensate phase in a non-equilibrium system of two-dimensional fermions with a fully quantized energy spectrum.
Journal ArticleDOI
Neuromorphic computing in Ginzburg-Landau Polariton-Lattice Systems
TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrate how this concept can be applied in systems described by the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation, one of the fundamental models of wave phenomena, and demonstrate that lattices of semiconductor microcavities could be used for information processing at data rates on the order of 1 Tbit/s.
References
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Bose-Einstein condensation in a gas of sodium atoms
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Journal ArticleDOI
Bose-Einstein condensation
TL;DR: The Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) phenomenon was first introduced by Bose as discussed by the authors, who derived the Planck law for black-body radiation by treating the photons as a gas of identical particles.