Journal ArticleDOI
Bose-Einstein condensation of exciton polaritons
Jacek Kasprzak,Maxime Richard,S. Kundermann,A. Baas,P. Jeambrun,Jonathan Keeling,Francesca Maria Marchetti,Marzena H. Szymańska,Régis André,Jl Staehli,Vincenzo Savona,Peter B. Littlewood,Benoit Deveaud,Le Si Dang +13 more
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TLDR
A comprehensive set of experiments giving compelling evidence for BEC of polaritons of bosonic quasi-particles are detailed, which indicate the spontaneous onset of a macroscopic quantum phase.Abstract:
Phase transitions to quantum condensed phases—such as Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC), superfluidity, and superconductivity—have long fascinated scientists, as they bring pure quantum effects to a macroscopic scale. BEC has, for example, famously been demonstrated in dilute atom gas of rubidium atoms at temperatures below 200 nanokelvin. Much effort has been devoted to finding a solid-state system in which BEC can take place. Promising candidate systems are semiconductor microcavities, in which photons are confined and strongly coupled to electronic excitations, leading to the creation of exciton polaritons. These bosonic quasi-particles are 109 times lighter than rubidium atoms, thus theoretically permitting BEC to occur at standard cryogenic temperatures. Here we detail a comprehensive set of experiments giving compelling evidence for BEC of polaritons. Above a critical density, we observe massive occupation of the ground state developing from a polariton gas at thermal equilibrium at 19 K, an increase of temporal coherence, and the build-up of long-range spatial coherence and linear polarization, all of which indicate the spontaneous onset of a macroscopic quantum phase. Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC), a form of matter first postulated in 1924, has famously been demonstrated in dilute atomic gases at ultra-low temperatures. Much effort is now being devoted to exploring solid-state systems in which BEC can occur. In theory semiconductor microcavities, where photons are confined and coupled to electronic excitations leading to the creation of polaritons, could allow BEC at standard cryogenic temperatures. Kasprzak et al. now present experiments in which polaritons are excited in such a microcavity. Above a critical polariton density, spontaneous onset of a macroscopic quantum phase occurs, indicating a solid-state BEC. BEC should also be possible at higher temperatures if coupling of light with solid excitations is sufficiently strong. Demokritov et al. have achieved just that, BEC at room temperature in a gas of magnons, which are a type of magnetic excitation. This paper presents a comprehensive set of experiments in which polaritons are excited in a semiconductor microcavity. Above a critical density of polaritons, massive occupation of the ground state at 19 K is observed and various pieces of experimental evidence point to a spontaneous onset of a macroscopic quantum phase.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
A polariton graph simulator
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider the modelling of polariton graphs using the complex Ginzburg-Landau model and derive analytical solutions for a single condensate, the XY model, two-mode model and the Kuramoto model establishing the relationships between them.
Journal ArticleDOI
Observation of bosonic condensation in a hybrid monolayer MoSe2-GaAs microcavity.
Max Waldherr,Nils Lundt,Martin Klaas,Simon Betzold,Matthias Wurdack,Vasilij Baumann,Eliezer Estrecho,Anton Nalitov,Anton Nalitov,Anton Nalitov,Evgenia Cherotchenko,Evgenia Cherotchenko,Hui Cai,Elena A. Ostrovskaya,Alexey Kavokin,Alexey Kavokin,Sefaattin Tongay,Sebastian Klembt,Sven Höfling,Sven Höfling,Christian Schneider +20 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrate bosonic condensation driven by excitons hosted in an atomically thin layer of MoSe2, strongly coupled to light in a solid-state resonator.
Journal ArticleDOI
Ultra-low threshold polariton lasing in photonic crystal cavities
Stefano Azzini,Dario Gerace,Matteo Galli,Isabelle Sagnes,Rémy Braive,Aristide Lemaître,Jacqueline Bloch,Daniele Bajoni +7 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show clear experimental evidence of lasing of exciton polaritons confined in L3 photonic crystal cavities, based on an InP membrane in air containing five InAsP quantum wells.
Journal ArticleDOI
Lasing and polariton condensation: Two distinct transitions in GaAs microcavities with stress traps
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used stress to create a harmonic potential for polaritons in GaAs microcavities and have previously reported that the Polaritons undergo spontaneous coherence in the trap.
Journal ArticleDOI
Single-photon nonlinearity at room temperature.
Anton Zasedatelev,Anton V. Baranikov,D. A. Sannikov,Darius Urbonas,Fabio Scafirimuto,Vladislav Yu. Shishkov,Evgeny S. Andrianov,Yurii E. Lozovik,Ullrich Scherf,Thilo Stöferle,Rainer F. Mahrt,Pavlos G. Lagoudakis,Pavlos G. Lagoudakis +12 more
TL;DR: In this article, a π-conjugated ladder-type polymer strongly coupled to a microcavity forming hybrid light-matter states, so-called exciton-polaritons, was used to create excitonpolariton condensates with quantum fluid properties.
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Bose-Einstein condensation
TL;DR: The Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) phenomenon was first introduced by Bose as discussed by the authors, who derived the Planck law for black-body radiation by treating the photons as a gas of identical particles.