Impact of Posttranslational Modification in Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Focusing on Citrullination, Carbamylation, and Acetylation.
Eui-Jong Kwon,Ji Hyeon Ju +1 more
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TLDR
In this paper, posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as citrullination, carbamylation, and acetylation are correlated with the pathogenesis of RA.Abstract:
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is caused by prolonged periodic interactions between genetic, environmental, and immunologic factors. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as citrullination, carbamylation, and acetylation are correlated with the pathogenesis of RA. PTM and cell death mechanisms such as apoptosis, autophagy, NETosis, leukotoxic hypercitrullination (LTH), and necrosis are related to each other and induce autoantigenicity. Certain microbial infections, such as those caused by Porphyromonasgingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Prevotella copri, can induce autoantigens in RA. Anti-modified protein antibodies (AMPA) containing anti-citrullinated protein/peptide antibodies (ACPAs), anti-carbamylated protein (anti-CarP) antibodies, and anti-acetylated protein antibodies (AAPAs) play a role in pathogenesis as well as in prediction, diagnosis, and prognosis. Interestingly, smoking is correlated with both PTMs and AMPAs in the development of RA. However, there is lack of evidence that smoking induces the generation of AMPAs.read more
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Rheumatoid Arthritis: Pathogenic Roles of Diverse Immune Cells
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MHC Class II Presentation in Autoimmunity
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TL;DR: In this paper , the authors investigated the role of MHC-II in the development of auto-antigens in the thymus and found that the appearance of an autoreactive T cell might be the result of the unusual interaction between T cell receptors (TCRs) and self-antigen presented on MHC II, the posttranslational modifications (PTMs), direct loading of the selfantigen to classical MHCII without additional nonclassical MHC assistance, and the proinflammatory environment effect on antigen presentation.
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Using mass spectrometry to identify neoantigens in autoimmune diseases: The type 1 diabetes example.
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Implications of Post-Translational Modifications in Autoimmunity with Emphasis on Citrullination, Homocitrullination and Acetylation for the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Prognosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis
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Citrulline is an essential constituent of antigenic determinants recognized by rheumatoid arthritis-specific autoantibodies.
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TL;DR: It is shown that autoantibodies reactive with synthetic peptides containing the unusual amino acid citrulline, a posttranslationally modified arginine residue, are specifically present in the sera of RA patients, and the presence of these antibodies early in disease, even before other disease manifestations occur, are indicative for a possible role of citrulling epitopes in the pathogenesis of RA.