Journal ArticleDOI
Irradiation effects in carbon nanostructures
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TLDR
In this article, a review of the basic mechanisms of radiation effects in solids with particular emphasis on atom displacements by knock-on collisions is discussed. But the main part of this review deals with alterations of carbon nanostructures by the electron beam in an electron microscope.Abstract:
The paper reviews the principles of interaction of energetic particles with solid carbon and carbon nanostructures. The reader is first introduced to the basic mechanisms of radiation effects in solids with particular emphasis on atom displacements by knock-on collisions. The influence of various parameters on the displacement cross sections of carbon atoms is discussed. The types of irradiation-induced defects and their migration are described as well as ordering phenomena which are observable under the non-equilibrium conditions of irradiation. The main part of this review deals with alterations of carbon nanostructures by the electron beam in an electron microscope. This type of experiment is of paramount importance because it allows in situ observation of dynamic processes on an atomic scale. In the second part, radiation effects in the modifications of elemental carbon, in particular in graphite which forms the crystallographic basis of most carbon nanostructures, are treated in detail. It follows a review of the available experimental results on radiation defects in carbon nanostructures such as fullerenes, nanotubes and carbon onions. Finally, the phenomena of structure formation under irradiation, in particular the self-assembling of spherical carbon onions and the irradiation-induced transformation of graphitic nanoparticles into diamond, are presented and discussed qualitatively in the context of non-equilibrium structure formation.read more
Citations
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Multiscale-failure criteria of carbon nanotube systems under biaxial tension–torsion
TL;DR: In this article, failure criteria for carbon nanotube systems fracture under biaxial tensile-torsional loads are developed based on a multiscale approach that adopts continuum mechanics models to describe atomistic predictions of failure from molecular dynamics simulations.
Journal ArticleDOI
In situ investigation of the mechanical properties of nanomaterials by transmission electron microscopy
TL;DR: In this article, a review summarizes relevant studies on the in situ investigation of mechanical properties of various nanomaterials over the past decades, including carbon nanotubes, carbon onions, boron nitride, silicon nanowires and graphene.
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In Situ Formation and Structure Tailoring of Carbon Onions by High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy
TL;DR: In this article, a shell-by-shell formation of carbon onion by means of in situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy is reported, where the innermost fullerene seed first forms and acts as the central nucleation core to produce a multishell carbon polygon Then, the carbonpolygon can be further transformed to the carbon onions in a controllable manner through the so-called hot shrinkage process.
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Influence of Waviness and Vacancy Defects on Carbon Nanotubes Properties
TL;DR: In this paper, the properties of straight and waved carbon nanotubes are compared, on examples with different waviness factor, using the finite element method, and different vacancy defects are considered on the same straight and waving nanotube models.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon
TL;DR: Iijima et al. as mentioned in this paper reported the preparation of a new type of finite carbon structure consisting of needle-like tubes, which were produced using an arc-discharge evaporation method similar to that used for fullerene synthesis.
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C 60 : Buckminsterfullerene
Harold W. Kroto,Harold W. Kroto,James R. Heath,Sean C. O'Brien,Robert F. Curl,Richard E. Smalley +5 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a truncated icosahedron, a polygon with 60 vertices and 32 faces, 12 of which are pentagonal and 20 hexagonal.
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Solid C60: a new form of carbon
TL;DR: In this article, a new form of pure, solid carbon has been synthesized consisting of a somewhat disordered hexagonal close packing of soccer-ball-shaped C60 molecules.
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Pattern formation outside of equilibrium
Michael Cross,P. C. Hohenberg +1 more
TL;DR: A comprehensive review of spatiotemporal pattern formation in systems driven away from equilibrium is presented in this article, with emphasis on comparisons between theory and quantitative experiments, and a classification of patterns in terms of the characteristic wave vector q 0 and frequency ω 0 of the instability.
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Exceptionally high Young's modulus observed for individual carbon nanotubes
TL;DR: In this article, the amplitude of the intrinsic thermal vibrations of isolated carbon nanotubes was measured in the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and it was shown that they have exceptionally high Young's moduli, in the terapascal (TPa) range.