Journal ArticleDOI
Irradiation effects in carbon nanostructures
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TLDR
In this article, a review of the basic mechanisms of radiation effects in solids with particular emphasis on atom displacements by knock-on collisions is discussed. But the main part of this review deals with alterations of carbon nanostructures by the electron beam in an electron microscope.Abstract:
The paper reviews the principles of interaction of energetic particles with solid carbon and carbon nanostructures. The reader is first introduced to the basic mechanisms of radiation effects in solids with particular emphasis on atom displacements by knock-on collisions. The influence of various parameters on the displacement cross sections of carbon atoms is discussed. The types of irradiation-induced defects and their migration are described as well as ordering phenomena which are observable under the non-equilibrium conditions of irradiation. The main part of this review deals with alterations of carbon nanostructures by the electron beam in an electron microscope. This type of experiment is of paramount importance because it allows in situ observation of dynamic processes on an atomic scale. In the second part, radiation effects in the modifications of elemental carbon, in particular in graphite which forms the crystallographic basis of most carbon nanostructures, are treated in detail. It follows a review of the available experimental results on radiation defects in carbon nanostructures such as fullerenes, nanotubes and carbon onions. Finally, the phenomena of structure formation under irradiation, in particular the self-assembling of spherical carbon onions and the irradiation-induced transformation of graphitic nanoparticles into diamond, are presented and discussed qualitatively in the context of non-equilibrium structure formation.read more
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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Atomic Displacements by Electron Irradiation in Pyrolytic Graphite
Tadao Iwata,Takeshi Nihira +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the anisotropic threshold energy for atomic displacements and the displacement cascade process in electron-irradiated pyrolytic graphite was studied in the energy range from 1 2 to 10 MeV at three different temperatures by observing the a -axis electrical resistivity increases.
Journal ArticleDOI
Radiation-induced diamond crystallization: Origin of carbonados and its implications on meteorite nano-diamonds
TL;DR: In this article, the radiogenic Pb was implanted into the carbonados from surroundings by means of recoil energy of radioactive decays of U and Th, which is consistent with the process of radiationinduced crystallization which was proposed for carbonado by Kaminsky.
Journal ArticleDOI
EELS study of the irradiation-induced compression of carbon onions and their transformation to diamond
TL;DR: In this paper, the irradiation-induced selfcompression of carbon onions and their transformation to diamond crystals are studied in situ by electron energy loss spectroscopy at high specimen temperature in a highvoltage electron microscope.
Journal ArticleDOI
Irradiation-induced formation of metastable phases: A master-equation approach.
Pascal Bellon,Georges Martin +1 more
TL;DR: A new formalism, based on a master equation, for elaborating criteria of phase stability under irradiation is proposed, applied to the order-disorder transition in Ni/sub 4/Mo, where an irradiation-induced inversion of the respective stability of two ordered states has been reported, as well as a temperature domain where bistability is observed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Low-pressure transformation of graphite to diamond under irradiation
Y. Lyutovich,Florian Banhart +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, an irradiation-induced transformation of planar as well as curved graphite to diamond can be carried out without applying pressure, and the diamond crystals grow on the expense of graphite, although graphite is, at low pressure prevailing here, the stable phase of carbon.