On the Importance of Host MicroRNAs During Viral Infection.
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TLDR
This review article describes current techniques that can be used to identify miRNAs involved in the modulation of viral infection and to characterize their targets and mode of action, and presents different reported examples of miRNA-mediated regulation of viruses, which can have a positive outcome either for the host or for the virus.Abstract:
Every living organism has to constantly face threats from the environment and deal with a large number of pathogens against which it has to defend itself to survive. Among those, viruses represent a large class of obligatory intracellular parasites, which rely on their host machinery to multiply and propagate. As a result, viruses and their hosts have engaged in an ever-evolving arms race to be able to maintain their existence. The role played by micro (mi)RNAs in this ongoing battle has been extensively studied in the past fifteen years and will be the subject of this review article. We will mainly focus on cellular miRNAs and their implication during viral infection in mammals. Thus, we will describe current techniques that can be used to identify miRNAs involved in the modulation of viral infection and to characterize their targets and mode of action. We will also present different reported examples of miRNA-mediated regulation of viruses, which can have a positive outcome either for the host or for the virus. In addition, the mode of action is also of a dual nature, depending on the target of the miRNA. Indeed, the regulatory small RNA can either directly guide an Argonaute protein on a viral transcript, or target a cellular mRNA involved in the host antiviral response. We will then see whether and how viruses respond to miRNA-mediated targeting. Finally, we will discuss how our knowledge of viral targeting by miRNA can be exploited for developing new antiviral therapeutic approaches.read more
Citations
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MicroRNAs: Target Recognition and Regulatory Functions
TL;DR: In this article, a review outlines the current understanding of miRNA target recognition in animals and discusses the widespread impact of miRNAs on both the expression and evolution of protein-coding genes.
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Noncoding RNA therapeutics - challenges and potential solutions.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss key challenges facing ncRNA therapeutics, including issues associated with specificity, delivery and tolerability, and focus on promising emerging approaches that aim to boost their success.
Impact of MicroRNA Levels, Target-Site Complementarity, and Cooperativity on Competing Endogenous RNA-Regulated Gene Expression
Rémy Denzler,Alexandra C. Title,Markus Stoffel,Sean E. McGeary,Vikram Agarwal,David P. Bartel +5 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that although miRNA levels define the extent of repression, they have little effect on the magnitude of the ceRNA expression change required to observe derepression, and they provide quantitative insights into the stoichiometric relationship between miRNAs and target abundance, target-site spacing, and affinity requirements for ceRNA-mediated gene regulation.
Journal ArticleDOI
Epigenetic Regulator miRNA Pattern Differences Among SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and SARS-CoV-2 World-Wide Isolates Delineated the Mystery Behind the Epic Pathogenicity and Distinct Clinical Characteristics of Pandemic COVID-19.
TL;DR: It is found that induced cellular miRNAs can be both a boon and a bane to the host immunity, as they have possible roles in neutralizing the viral threat; conversely, they can also function as proviral factors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Genetics and genomics of SARS-CoV-2: A review of the literature with the special focus on genetic diversity and SARS-CoV-2 genome detection
TL;DR: The most critical findings related to the genetics of the SARS-CoV-2 are reviewed, with a specific focus on genetic diversity and reported mutations, molecular-based diagnosis assays, using interfering RNA technology for the treatment of patients, and genetic-related vaccination strategies.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
MicroRNAs: Target Recognition and Regulatory Functions
TL;DR: The current understanding of miRNA target recognition in animals is outlined and the widespread impact of miRNAs on both the expression and evolution of protein-coding genes is discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Conserved seed pairing, often flanked by adenosines, indicates that thousands of human genes are microRNA targets
TL;DR: In a four-genome analysis of 3' UTRs, approximately 13,000 regulatory relationships were detected above the estimate of false-positive predictions, thereby implicating as miRNA targets more than 5300 human genes, which represented 30% of the gene set.
Journal ArticleDOI
Most mammalian mRNAs are conserved targets of microRNAs
TL;DR: This work overhauled its tool for finding preferential conservation of sequence motifs and applied it to the analysis of human 3'UTRs, increasing by nearly threefold the detected number of preferentially conserved miRNA target sites.
Journal ArticleDOI
Predicting effective microRNA target sites in mammalian mRNAs
TL;DR: It is shown that recently reported non-canonical sites do not mediate repression despite binding the miRNA, which indicates that the vast majority of functional sites are canonical.
Journal ArticleDOI
Prediction of Mammalian MicroRNA Targets
TL;DR: The predicted regulatory targets of mammalian miRNAs were enriched for genes involved in transcriptional regulation but also encompassed an unexpectedly broad range of other functions.
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