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Open AccessJournal ArticleDOI

Population genomic analysis reveals a rich speciation and demographic history of orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus and Pongo abelii)

TLDR
It is suggested that purifying natural selection, genetic drift, and a complex demographic history are the dominant drivers of genome evolution for the two orang-utan populations.
Abstract
To gain insights into evolutionary forces that have shaped the history of Bornean and Sumatran populations of orang-utans, we compare patterns of variation across more than 11 million single nucleotide polymorphisms found by previous mitochondrial and autosomal genome sequencing of 10 wild-caught orang-utans. Our analysis of the mitochondrial data yields a far more ancient split time between the two populations (~3.4 million years ago) than estimates based on autosomal data (0.4 million years ago), suggesting a complex speciation process with moderate levels of primarily male migration. We find that the distribution of selection coefficients consistent with the observed frequency spectrum of autosomal non-synonymous polymorphisms in orang-utans is similar to the distribution in humans. Our analysis indicates that 35% of genes have evolved under detectable negative selection. Overall, our findings suggest that purifying natural selection, genetic drift, and a complex demographic history are the dominant drivers of genome evolution for the two orang-utan populations.

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Inference of the Distribution of Selection Coefficients for New Nonsynonymous Mutations Using Large Samples.

TL;DR: A flexible and computationally tractable method, called Fit∂a∂i, is presented to estimate the DFE of new mutations using the site frequency spectrum from a large number of individuals, suggesting that nearly neutral forces play a larger role in human evolution than previously thought.
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Accelerated Diversification of Nonhuman Primate Malarias in Southeast Asia: Adaptive Radiation or Geographic Speciation?

TL;DR: It is hypothesized that the diversification of this group of parasites has been facilitated by the diversity, geographic distributions, and demographic histories of their primate hosts, and phylogenetic analysis of data suggests that the malaria parasites infecting Southeast Asian macaques and their relatives are speciating three to four times more rapidly than those with other mammalian hosts such as lemurs and African apes.
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Two to Tango: Co-evolution of Hominid Natural Killer Cell Receptors and MHC.

TL;DR: The hominid lineage presents a choreographed co-evolution of KIR with their MHC class I ligands, with chimpanzee KIR exhibit strong binding and, compared to humans, smaller differences between binding levels of activating and inhibitory KIR.
Journal ArticleDOI

Evolutionary History, Selective Sweeps, and Deleterious Variation in the Dog

TL;DR: In this review, genetic findings from genome-wide and complete genome studies that document the genomic consequences of demography and selection, including the effects on adaptive and deleterious variation are summarized and synthesized.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

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TL;DR: This work has used extensive and realistic computer simulations to show that the topological accuracy of this new method is at least as high as that of the existing maximum-likelihood programs and much higher than the performance of distance-based and parsimony approaches.
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BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees

TL;DR: BEAST is a fast, flexible software architecture for Bayesian analysis of molecular sequences related by an evolutionary tree that provides models for DNA and protein sequence evolution, highly parametric coalescent analysis, relaxed clock phylogenetics, non-contemporaneous sequence data, statistical alignment and a wide range of options for prior distributions.
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A method and server for predicting damaging missense mutations.

TL;DR: A new method and the corresponding software tool, PolyPhen-2, which is different from the early tool polyPhen1 in the set of predictive features, alignment pipeline, and the method of classification is presented and performance, as presented by its receiver operating characteristic curves, was consistently superior.
Journal ArticleDOI

jModelTest: Phylogenetic Model Averaging

TL;DR: jModelTest is a new program for the statistical selection of models of nucleotide substitution based on "Phyml" that implements 5 different selection strategies, including "hierarchical and dynamical likelihood ratio tests," the "Akaike information criterion", the "Bayesian information criterion," and a "decision-theoretic performance-based" approach.
Journal ArticleDOI

Determination of Deforestation Rates of the World's Humid Tropical Forests

TL;DR: The recently completed research program (TREES) employing the global imaging capabilities of Earth-observing satellites provides updated information on the status of the world's humid tropical forest cover, indicating that the global net rate of change in forest cover for the humid tropics is 23% lower than the generally accepted rate.
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