Seminal Plasma: Relevant for Fertility?
Heriberto Rodriguez-Martinez,Emilio A. Martinez,Juan J. Calvete,Fernando Juan Peña Vega,Jordi Roca +4 more
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TLDR
Seminal plasma (SP), the non-cellular component of semen, is a heterogeneous composite fluid built by secretions of the testis, the epididymis and the accessory sexual glands.Abstract:
Seminal plasma (SP), the non-cellular component of semen, is a heterogeneous composite fluid built by secretions of the testis, the epididymis and the accessory sexual glands. Its composition, despite species-specific anatomical peculiarities, consistently contains inorganic ions, specific hormones, proteins and peptides, including cytokines and enzymes, cholesterol, DNA and RNA-the latter often protected within epididymis- or prostate-derived extracellular vesicles. It is beyond question that the SP participates in diverse aspects of sperm function pre-fertilization events. The SP also interacts with the various compartments of the tubular genital tract, triggering changes in gene function that prepares for an eventual successful pregnancy; thus, it ultimately modulates fertility. Despite these concepts, it is imperative to remember that SP-free spermatozoa (epididymal or washed ejaculated) are still fertile, so this review shall focus on the differences between the in vivo roles of the SP following semen deposition in the female and those regarding additions of SP on spermatozoa handled for artificial reproduction, including cryopreservation, from artificial insemination to in vitro fertilization. This review attempts, including our own results on model animal species, to critically summarize the current knowledge of the reproductive roles played by SP components, particularly in our own species, which is increasingly affected by infertility. The ultimate goal is to reconcile the delicate balance between the SP molecular concentration and their concerted effects after temporal exposure in vivo. We aim to appraise the functions of the SP components, their relevance as diagnostic biomarkers and their value as eventual additives to refine reproductive strategies, including biotechnologies, in livestock models and humans.read more
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Extracellular vesicles in seminal fluid and effects on male reproduction. An overview in farm animals and pets.
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Extracellular vesicles in seminal fluid and effects on male reproduction. An overview in farm animals and pets
TL;DR: Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer nanoveicles released by most functional cells to body fluids, containing bioactive molecules, mainly proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids having actions at target cells as mentioned in this paper .
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How does the boar epididymis regulate the emission of fertile spermatozoa
Heriberto Rodriguez-Martinez,Jordi Roca,Manuel Alvarez-Rodriguez,Cristina A. Martinez-Serrano +3 more
TL;DR: A review summary of current and new knowledge of how the boar epididymis affects the quality of spermatozoa in the ejaculate of breeding boars can be found in this article.
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