Journal ArticleDOI
Serum amyloid A, the major vertebrate acute-phase reactant.
TLDR
Although the precise role of A-SAA in host defense during inflammation has not been defined, many potential clinically important functions have been proposed for individual SAA family members, including involvement in lipid metabolism/transport, induction of extracellular-matrix-degrading enzymes, and chemotactic recruitment of inflammatory cells to sites of inflammation.Abstract:
The serum amyloid A (SAA) family comprises a number of differentially expressed apolipoproteins, acute-phase SAAs (A-SAAs) and constitutive SAAs (C-SAAs). A-SAAs are major acute-phase reactants, the in vivo concentrations of which increase by as much as 1000-fold during inflammation. A-SAA mRNAs or proteins have been identified in all vertebrates investigated to date and are highly conserved. In contrast, C-SAAs are induced minimally, if at all, during the acute-phase response and have only been found in human and mouse. Although the liver is the primary site of synthesis of both A-SAA and C-SAA, extrahepatic production has been reported for most family members in most of the mammalian species studied. In vitro, the dramatic induction of A-SAA mRNA in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli is due largely to the synergistic effects of cytokine signaling pathways, principally those of the interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 type cytokines. This induction can be enhanced by glucocorticoids. Studies of the A-SAA promoters in several mammalian species have identified a range of transcription factors that are variously involved in defining both cytokine responsiveness and cell specificity. These include NF-κB, C/EBP, YY1, AP-2, SAF and Sp1. A-SAA is also post-transcriptionally regulated. Although the precise role of A-SAA in host defense during inflammation has not been defined, many potential clinically important functions have been proposed for individual SAA family members. These include involvement in lipid metabolism/transport, induction of extracellular-matrix-degrading enzymes, and chemotactic recruitment of inflammatory cells to sites of inflammation. A-SAA is potentially involved in the pathogenesis of several chronic inflammatory diseases: it is the precursor of the amyloid A protein deposited in amyloid A amyloidosis, and it has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of atheroscelerosis and rheumatoid arthritis.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Induction of Intestinal Th17 Cells by Segmented Filamentous Bacteria
Ivaylo I. Ivanov,Koji Atarashi,Nicolas Manel,Eoin L. Brodie,Tatsuichiro Shima,Ulas Karaoz,Dongguang Wei,Katherine C. Goldfarb,Clark A. Santee,Susan V. Lynch,Takeshi Tanoue,Akemi Imaoka,Kikuji Itoh,Kiyoshi Takeda,Yoshinori Umesaki,Kenya Honda,Dan R. Littman +16 more
TL;DR: The authors showed that colonisation of mice with a segmented filamentous bacterium (SFB) is sufficient to induce the appearance of CD4+ T helper cells that produce IL-17 and IL-22 (Th17 cells) in the lamina propria.
Journal ArticleDOI
Adipokines: inflammation and the pleiotropic role of white adipose tissue.
Paul Trayhurn,I. Stuart Wood +1 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that the term ‘adipokine’ be universally adopted to describe a protein that is secreted from (and synthesised by) adipocytes, excluding signals released only by the other cell types (such as macrophages) in adipose tissue.
Journal ArticleDOI
Adipose Tissue, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Disease
TL;DR: The targeted suppression of various proinflammatory cascades in adipocytes specifically represents an exciting new therapeutic opportunity for the cardiovascular disease area.
Journal ArticleDOI
Current research on acute phase proteins in veterinary diagnosis: an overview.
H Murata,N. Shimada,M. Yoshioka +2 more
TL;DR: This review describes the results of recent research on animal APP, with special reference to their induction and regulatory mechanisms, their biological functions, and their current and future applications to veterinary diagnosis and animal production.
Journal ArticleDOI
Functionally Defective High-Density Lipoprotein: A New Therapeutic Target at the Crossroads of Dyslipidemia, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis
Anatol Kontush,M. John Chapman +1 more
TL;DR: A preferential increase in circulating concentrations of HDL particles possessing normalized antiatherogenic activity is therefore a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of common metabolic diseases featuring dyslipidemia, inflammation, and premature atherosclerosis.
References
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Heinz Baumann,Jack Gauldie +1 more
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