Adipose Tissue, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Disease
TLDR
The targeted suppression of various proinflammatory cascades in adipocytes specifically represents an exciting new therapeutic opportunity for the cardiovascular disease area.Abstract:
Mounting evidence highlights the role of adipose tissue in the development of a systemic inflammatory state that contributes to obesity-associated vasculopathy and cardiovascular risk. Circulating mediators of inflammation participate in the mechanisms of vascular insult and atheromatous change, and many of these inflammatory proteins are secreted directly from adipocytes and adipose tissue-derived macrophages. Several factors linking obesity with an increased cardiovascular risk have been identified. The adipocyte-specific secretory protein adiponectin is a particularly promising candidate in this context. Its levels are decreased in obesity. Adiponectin may mediate some of its demonstrated cardioprotective effects through its anti-inflammatory properties. In addition to decreased expression of beneficial adipokines, secretion of a host of inflammatory factors from visceral adipose tissue may contribute to the increased cardiovascular risk associated with obesity. The cardioprotective effects of many of the most popular drug regimens corroborate these conclusions, demonstrating that along with improvements in other therapeutic end points, they mediate improvements in systemic inflammation. In some cases, these improvements are attributable to direct suppression of inflammatory signaling in adipocytes. The targeted suppression of various proinflammatory cascades in adipocytes specifically represents an exciting new therapeutic opportunity for the cardiovascular disease area.read more
Citations
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Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome
TL;DR: This work has shown that abdominal obesity — the most prevalent manifestation of metabolic syndrome — is a marker of 'dysfunctional adipose tissue', and is of central importance in clinical diagnosis.
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Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease
TL;DR: The role of adipokines in inflammatory responses is focused on and their potential as regulators of metabolic function is discussed.
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Inflammatory Mechanisms in Obesity
TL;DR: The discovery that obesity itself results in an inflammatory state in metabolic tissues ushered in a research field that examines the inflammatory mechanisms in obesity, and metaflammation is summarized, defined as low-grade, chronic inflammation orchestrated by metabolic cells in response to excess nutrients and energy.
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Adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in insulin resistance, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome
TL;DR: The pathophysiology of adiponectin and adiponECTin receptors in insulin resistance, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome is described and potential versatile therapeutic targets to combat obesity-linked diseases characterized by insulin resistance are described.
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Mechanisms linking obesity with cardiovascular disease
TL;DR: The underlying mechanisms as well as the ways in which smoking and dyslipidaemia increase, and physical activity attenuates, the adverse effects of obesity on cardiovascular health are beginning to be understood.
References
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