Journal ArticleDOI
Stretchable nanoparticle conductors with self-organized conductive pathways
Yoonseob Kim,Jian Zhu,Bongiun Yeom,Matthew Di Prima,Xianli Su,Jin-Gyu Kim,Seung-Ho Jo Yoo,Ctirad Uher,Nicholas A. Kotov +8 more
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TLDR
Stretchable conductors of polyurethane containing spherical nanoparticles deposited by either layer-by-layer assembly or vacuum-assisted flocculation are demonstrated, demonstrating the electronic tunability of mechanical properties, which arise from the dynamic self-organization of the nanoparticles under stress.Abstract:
Research in stretchable conductors is fuelled by diverse technological needs. Flexible electronics, neuroprosthetic and cardiostimulating implants, soft robotics and other curvilinear systems require materials with high conductivity over a tensile strain of 100 per cent (refs 1-3). Furthermore, implantable devices or stretchable displays need materials with conductivities a thousand times higher while retaining a strain of 100 per cent. However, the molecular mechanisms that operate during material deformation and stiffening make stretchability and conductivity fundamentally difficult properties to combine. The macroscale stretching of solids elongates chemical bonds, leading to the reduced overlap and delocalization of electronic orbitals. This conductivity-stretchability dilemma can be exemplified by liquid metals, in which conduction pathways are retained on large deformation but weak interatomic bonds lead to compromised strength. The best-known stretchable conductors use polymer matrices containing percolated networks of high-aspect-ratio nanometre-scale tubes or nanowires to address this dilemma to some extent. Further improvements have been achieved by using fillers (the conductive component) with increased aspect ratio, of all-metallic composition, or with specific alignment (the way the fillers are arranged in the matrix). However, the synthesis and separation of high-aspect-ratio fillers is challenging, stiffness increases with the volume content of metallic filler, and anisotropy increases with alignment. Pre-strained substrates, buckled microwires and three-dimensional microfluidic polymer networks have also been explored. Here we demonstrate stretchable conductors of polyurethane containing spherical nanoparticles deposited by either layer-by-layer assembly or vacuum-assisted flocculation. High conductivity and stretchability were observed in both composites despite the minimal aspect ratio of the nanoparticles. These materials also demonstrate the electronic tunability of mechanical properties, which arise from the dynamic self-organization of the nanoparticles under stress. A modified percolation theory incorporating the self-assembly behaviour of nanoparticles gave an excellent match with the experimental data.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Printable Metal-Polymer Conductors for Highly Stretchable Bio-Devices.
Lixue Tang,Shiyu Cheng,Shiyu Cheng,Luyao Zhang,Hanbing Mi,Hanbing Mi,Lei Mou,Lei Mou,Shuaijian Yang,Zhiwei Huang,Xinghua Shi,Xinghua Shi,Xingyu Jiang,Xingyu Jiang +13 more
TL;DR: This strategy not only overcomes large surface tension of liquid metal but also avoids the undesirable sintering of its particles by stress in deformations, such that stretchable conductors can form on various substrates with high resolution, high throughput, and low cost.
Journal ArticleDOI
Biological Material Interfaces as Inspiration for Mechanical and Optical Material Designs
Jing Ren,Yu Wang,Yuan Yao,Yang Wang,Xiang Fei,Ping Qi,Shihui Lin,David L. Kaplan,Markus J. Buehler,Shengjie Ling +9 more
TL;DR: This review aims to comprehensively discuss the structure-property-function relationships of BMIs in nature and their inspired materials from mechanical and optical perspectives.
Journal ArticleDOI
High Strength Conductive Composites with Plasmonic Nanoparticles Aligned on Aramid Nanofibers
Jing Lyu,Jing Lyu,Xinzhi Wang,Xinzhi Wang,Lehao Liu,Lehao Liu,Yoonseob Kim,E. K. Tanyi,Hang Chi,Wenchun Feng,Lizhi Xu,Tiehu Li,Mikhail A. Noginov,Ctirad Uher,Mark D. Hammig,Nicholas A. Kotov +15 more
TL;DR: In this article, composites made from aramid nanofibers (ANFs) and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) that offer a new toolset for engineering high strength flexible conductors are described.
Journal ArticleDOI
Graphene as a flexible electrode: review of fabrication approaches
Russell Kai Liang Tan,Sean P. Reeves,Niloofar Hashemi,Deepak-George Thomas,Emrah Kavak,Reza Montazami,Nicole N. Hashemi +6 more
TL;DR: In this article, a review of different methods used to fabricate graphene as a flexible electrode is presented, including Hummers' method, chemical vapor deposition, epitaxial growth, and exfoliation of graphite oxide.
Journal ArticleDOI
Highly Stretchable and Self-Healing Strain Sensors Based on Nanocellulose-Supported Graphene Dispersed in Electro-Conductive Hydrogels
TL;DR: The strain sensors integrated by GN-CNF@PVA hydrogel with good responsiveness, stability and repeatability can efficiently identify and monitor the various human motions with the gauge factor (GF) of about 3.8, showing promising applications in the field of wearable sensing devices.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Carbon Nanotubes--the Route Toward Applications
TL;DR: Many potential applications have been proposed for carbon nanotubes, including conductive and high-strength composites; energy storage and energy conversion devices; sensors; field emission displays and radiation sources; hydrogen storage media; and nanometer-sized semiconductor devices, probes, and interconnects.
Journal ArticleDOI
Fuzzy Nanoassemblies: Toward Layered Polymeric Multicomposites
TL;DR: In this article, a general approach for multilayers by consecutive adsorption of polyanions and polycations has been proposed and has been extended to other materials such as proteins or colloids.
Journal ArticleDOI
Materials and mechanics for stretchable electronics
TL;DR: Inorganic and organic electronic materials in microstructured and nanostructured forms, intimately integrated with elastomeric substrates, offer particularly attractive characteristics, with realistic pathways to sophisticated embodiments, and applications in systems ranging from electronic eyeball cameras to deformable light-emitting displays are described.
Journal ArticleDOI
Skin-like pressure and strain sensors based on transparent elastic films of carbon nanotubes
Darren J. Lipomi,Michael Vosgueritchian,Benjamin C. K. Tee,Sondra L. Hellstrom,Jennifer A. Lee,Courtney H. Fox,Zhenan Bao +6 more
TL;DR: Transparent, conducting spray-deposited films of single-walled carbon nanotubes are reported that can be rendered stretchable by applying strain along each axis, and then releasing this strain.
Journal ArticleDOI
Stretchable active-matrix organic light-emitting diode display using printable elastic conductors
Tsuyoshi Sekitani,Hiroyoshi Nakajima,Hiroki Maeda,Takanori Fukushima,Takuzo Aida,Kenji Hata,Takao Someya +6 more
TL;DR: The manufacture of printable elastic conductors comprising single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) uniformly dispersed in a fluorinated rubber is described, which is constructed a rubber-like stretchable active-matrix display comprising integrated printed elastic conductor, organic transistors and organic light-emitting diodes.