T cells in tumor microenvironment.
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Citations
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References
The hallmarks of cancer.
Type, Density, and Location of Immune Cells Within Human Colorectal Tumors Predict Clinical Outcome
The immune contexture in human tumours: impact on clinical outcome
Intratumoral T cells, recurrence, and survival in epithelial ovarian cancer.
Innate and adaptive immune cells in the tumor microenvironment
Frequently Asked Questions (21)
Q2. What is the role of immune cells in tumor microenvironment?
which is an essential phenomenon for the initiation of cancer and propagation as metastasis, provides the transportation of necessary molecules for the growth of cancer cells such as oxygen and nutrients between normal blood vessels and tumor cells by the formation of special vessel for cancer cells.
Q3. What are the roles of immune cells in tumor microenvironment?
The immune cells also play roles on invasion andmetastasis within the different tissues, and those immune cells are carried to related site by cancer-related blood vessels and/or extravasation [12].
Q4. What are the specific antigens that affect the CD8+?
Treg cells can block or inhibit the anti-cancer immune response by their specific antigens that affect the CD8+ and its cytotoxic activity.
Q5. What are the two receptors on the surface of Treg cells?
They have the both CD4 and CD25 receptors on the surface, and those receptors can be used for identification of those Treg cells in many research.
Q6. What is the role of TH1 helper cells in the immune response?
The increasing amount of TH1 T helper cells can facilitate the stimulation of CD8+ cells and can assist in destroying cancer cells [42].
Q7. What is the role of adenosine in the immune system?
there is another molecule that is secreted by those regulatory Treg molecules as adenosine, which can act as an immunosuppressive molecule to prevent the anti-cancer immune response.
Q8. What is the supporter molecule type for the activity of CD8+?
In addition to them, there is a supporter molecule type for the activity of CD8+ as interferon gamma (IFN-γ), which is also produced by themselves [3].
Q9. What are the main roles of TH2 helper T cells?
As said before, TH2 cells are common helper T cells for the response to allergic inflammations and extracellular pathogens; however, those cells are also important for the tumor immunity which are related with the special molecule as eosinophils.
Q10. What kind of cytokines can activate macrophages and CD8+?
TH1 can achieve this activation of macrophages and CD8+ by producing IFN-γ, TGF-β, and IL-2 cytokines while TH2 helper Tcells have different kinds of cytokines and target immune cells.
Q11. What is the role of Treg cells in the tumor microenvironment?
As already mentioned before, the increased level of Treg cells with a lack of TH17 differentiation will result in the inhibition of immune response against the tumor and its microenvironment in FL [6, 46].
Q12. What are the factors involved in the formation of the tumor microenvironment?
The factors involved the formation of that environment or the initiator molecules mostly cytokines or chemokines that are secreted from the different cell components which are resident in this specific microenvironment.
Q13. What are the different types of T cells that can be used as targets against cancer?
the T cell subsets that are found in the microenvironment can be used as a target against cancer by using their contrast features, and they can be activated properly against specific tumor antigens.
Q14. What are the cytokines that can influence and mediate local cancer immune response?
TH17 specifically those cytokines can behave like the cytokines that are produced during the viral infections, and those cytokines have the capability to influence and mediate local cancer immune response that is showed against cancer.
Q15. What are the other cytokines produced in different cancers?
As said before, there are specific cytokines that are produced in different cancer patients as melanoma, breast, and colon cancers which produce TH17 cells in microenvironment that secrete IL-8 and TNF-α, but not IL-2 [42, 45].
Q16. What is the definition of cancer microenvironment?
The development and propagation of cancer depend on not only cancer cells and cancer stem cells within tissue but also other necessary components, which can be named as cancer microenvironment that is regarded as cancer bed and involves many kinds of resident and non-resident constituents [1, 2].
Q17. What could be the role of immune cells in the escape mechanism of tumor cells?
immune cells could play roles on this escape mechanism, or they can promote the growth of the tumor because each of them could act differently according to environmental conditions.
Q18. What are the cytokines that are recruited by TH2 helper T cells?
These molecules are recruited by the TH2 helper T cell and show the capability to destroy cancer cells by their specific cytotoxic protein products [37, 41].
Q19. What are the general principles and role of CD8+ in the tumor microenvironment?
The general principles and role of CD8+ in the tumor microenvironment have been worked with UV-induced skin cancer mouse models, chemically induced papilloma, and retoncogene transgenic model of spontaneous melanoma to figure out the importance of CD8+ cells for the immunosurveillance as the response for the growing tumor and metastasis [3, 26–28].
Q20. What are the main factors in the development of melanoma?
These factors can be summarized as follows: (i) the amount of cytokines or chemokines which are released by the cells found in tumor microenvironment, (ii) the ability of tumor cells to escape from the cytotoxic activity of T cells by molecular plasticity, and (iii) behavior of the interactions between TCR and MHC molecule which can be exemplified by the situation of melanoma cells which are shown as having the reduced level of MHC-1 molecule expression on the surface of APC.
Q21. What are the different mechanisms of immune cells in tumors?
Although immune cells cooperate with the immune response against foreign antigens, tumor cells have the capacity to escape from the immune attacks through different mechanisms.