The Changing Face of Arctic Snow Cover: A Synthesis of Observed and Projected Changes
Terry V. Callaghan,Margareta Johansson,Ross Brown,Pavel Ya. Groisman,Niklas Labba,Vladimir F. Radionov,Roger G. Barry,Olga N. Bulygina,Richard Essery,Denis Frolov,Vladimir N. Golubev,Thomas C. Grenfell,Marina N. Petrushina,Vyacheslav N. Razuvaev,David A. Robinson,Peter Romanov,Drew Shindell,Andrey B. Shmakin,Sergey Sokratov,Stephen G. Warren,Daquing Yang +20 more
TLDR
In this article, in situ and satellite data shows evidence of different regional snow cover responses to the widespread warming and increasing winter precipitation that has characterized the Arctic climate for the past 40-50 years.Abstract:
Analysis of in situ and satellite data shows evidence of different regional snow cover responses to the widespread warming and increasing winter precipitation that has characterized the Arctic climate for the past 40–50 years. The largest and most rapid decreases in snow water equivalent (SWE) and snow cover duration (SCD) are observed over maritime regions of the Arctic with the highest precipitation amounts. There is also evidence of marked differences in the response of snow cover between the North American and Eurasian sectors of the Arctic, with the North American sector exhibiting decreases in snow cover and snow depth over the entire period of available in situ observations from around 1950, while widespread decreases in snow cover are not apparent over Eurasia until after around 1980. However, snow depths are increasing in many regions of Eurasia. Warming and more frequent winter thaws are contributing to changes in snow pack structure with important implications for land use and provision of ecosystem services. Projected changes in snow cover from Global Climate Models for the 2050 period indicate increases in maximum SWE of up to 15% over much of the Arctic, with the largest increases (15–30%) over the Siberian sector. In contrast, SCD is projected to decrease by about 10–20% over much of the Arctic, with the smallest decreases over Siberia (<10%) and the largest decreases over Alaska and northern Scandinavia (30–40%) by 2050. These projected changes will have far-reaching consequences for the climate system, human activities, hydrology, and ecology.read more
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Effects of Arctic Sea Ice Decline on Weather and Climate: A Review
TL;DR: A review of the local and remote effects of the sea ice decline on weather and climate is presented in this paper, where it is evident that the reduction in sea ice cover has increased the heat flux from the ocean to atmosphere in autumn and early winter.
Journal ArticleDOI
Spring snow cover extent reductions in the 2008–2012 period exceeding climate model projections
Chris Derksen,Ross Brown +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the Northern Hemisphere spring terrestrial snow cover extent (SCE) from the NOAA snow chart Climate Data Record (CDR) for the April to June period (when snow cover is mainly located over the Arctic) has revealed statistically significant reductions in May and June SCE.
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The Russian Federation
Bruce W. Bean,Evgeniya Shpak +1 more
TL;DR: The year 2001 was the best year yet for legal reform in Russia as mentioned in this paper, with significant developments in Russian laws covering land reform, joint stock companies, taxes and labor, and Part III of the Civil Code has become effective creating more certainty with respect to inheritances.
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Towards a rain-dominated Arctic
Richard Bintanja,Olivier Andry +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used 37 state-of-the-art climate models in standardized twenty-first-century (2006-2100) simulations to show a decrease in average annual Arctic snowfall (70°−90°N) despite the strong precipitation increase.
Journal ArticleDOI
Large-scale variations in the vegetation growing season and annual cycle of atmospheric CO2 at high northern latitudes from 1950 to 2011.
Jonathan Barichivich,Keith R. Briffa,Ranga B. Myneni,Timothy J. Osborn,Thomas M. Melvin,Philippe Ciais,Shilong Piao,Shilong Piao,Compton J. Tucker +8 more
TL;DR: The springtime extension of the photosynthetic and potential growing seasons has apparently stimulated earlier and stronger net CO(2) uptake by northern ecosystems, while the autumnal extension is associated with an earlier net release of CO( 2) to the atmosphere.
References
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Climate change 2007: the physical science basis
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TL;DR: The first volume of the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report as mentioned in this paper was published in 2007 and covers several topics including the extensive range of observations now available for the atmosphere and surface, changes in sea level, assesses the paleoclimatic perspective, climate change causes both natural and anthropogenic, and climate models for projections of global climate.
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