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Open AccessJournal ArticleDOI

The Nature of Immune Responses to Influenza Vaccination in High-Risk Populations.

TLDR
In this article, the authors investigated the variations in immune responses to influenza vaccination in high-risk populations, including the elderly, people with obesity, and individuals with comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Abstract
The current pandemic has brought a renewed appreciation for the critical importance of vaccines for the promotion of both individual and public health. Influenza vaccines have been our primary tool for infection control to prevent seasonal epidemics and pandemics such as the 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus pandemic. Certain high-risk populations, including the elderly, people with obesity, and individuals with comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, are more susceptible to increased disease severity and decreased vaccine efficacy. High-risk populations have unique microenvironments and immune responses that contribute to increased vulnerability for influenza infections. This review focuses on these differences as we investigate the variations in immune responses to influenza vaccination. In order to develop better influenza vaccines, it is critical to understand how to improve responses in our ever-growing high-risk populations.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI

Obesity, rather than high fat diet, exacerbates the outcome of influenza virus infection in influenza-sensitized mice

TL;DR: It is suggested that obesity, rather than HF diet, per se, may impair the efficacy of influenza vaccination.
Journal ArticleDOI

Influenza vaccination in patients affected by diabetes

TL;DR: The effects of vaccination appear to be more effective when using higher-dose and quadrivalent vaccines, although subgroup-specific separate analyses in patients with diabetes are lacking as discussed by the authors .
Journal ArticleDOI

Proteomics analysis of methionine enkephalin upregulated macrophages against infection by the influenza-A virus

TL;DR: In this paper , the authors employed proteomic analysis to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between macrophages infected with the influenza-A virus and cells infected with influenza-B virus after pretreatment with methionine enkephalin.
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Novel Vaccines and Drugs That Target the Surface Glycoproteins of Influenza Viruses, RSV, Parainfluenza Viruses, and SARS-CoV-2

Charles J. Russell, +1 more
- 27 May 2022 - 
TL;DR: Newly emerging and seasonal respiratory viruses have a great impact on public health and need to be monitored more closely in order to protect against future outbreaks.
Journal ArticleDOI

T cells dominate peripheral inflammation in a cross‐sectional analysis of obesity‐associated diabetes

TL;DR: Unbiased approaches were used to rank contributions of myeloid and T cells to peripheral inflammation in people with obesity across the spectrum of metabolic health.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue

TL;DR: Transcript expression in perigonadal adipose tissue from groups of mice in which adiposity varied due to sex, diet, and the obesity-related mutations agouti (Ay) and obese (Lepob) found that the expression of 1,304 transcripts correlated significantly with body mass.
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Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years.

Ashkan Afshin, +167 more
TL;DR: The rapid increase in the prevalence and disease burden of elevated BMI highlights the need for continued focus on surveillance of BMI and identification, implementation, and evaluation of evidence‐based interventions to address this problem.
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Obesity induces a phenotypic switch in adipose tissue macrophage polarization

TL;DR: Diet-induced obesity leads to a shift in the activation state of ATMs from an M2-polarized state in lean animals that may protect adipocytes from inflammation to an M1 proinflammatory state that contributes to insulin resistance.
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Inflammatory links between obesity and metabolic disease.

TL;DR: This Review highlights the cellular and molecular mechanisms at play in the generation of obesity-induced inflammation and underscores how defining the immune regulation in metabolic tissues has broadened the understanding of the diversity of inflammatory responses.
Journal ArticleDOI

The worldwide epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus--present and future perspectives

TL;DR: The causes of Type 2 diabetes mellitus and prediabetes are embedded in a very complex group of genetic and epigenetic systems interacting within an equally complex societal framework that determines behavior and environmental influences as mentioned in this paper.
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