Showing papers on "Campesterol published in 2004"
TL;DR: Phytosterols effectively reduce LDL-cholesterol when given as supplements, and the smaller amounts in natural foods also appear to be important, although this work probably understates the true effectiveness.
Abstract: Purpose of reviewPhytosterols are plant sterols structurally similar to cholesterol that act in the intestine to lower cholesterol absorption. Because they have very low systemic absorption and are already present in healthy diets, increasing the intake of phytosterols may be a practical way to redu
226 citations
TL;DR: The results of this study do not support an association between elevated plasma levels of plant sterols and atherosclerosis, despite the fact that cholesterol levels were significantly higher in subjects with coronary calcium.
Abstract: Objective— Sitosterolemia is characterized by elevated plasma levels of plant sterols, hypercholesterolemia and premature coronary heart disease (CHD). CHD develops in some subjects with sitosterolemia, despite having normal plasma cholesterol levels, suggesting that high circulating levels of plant sterols may be atherogenic. We tested whether elevated plasma levels of plant sterols (sitosterol and campesterol) were associated with atherosclerosis in genetically modified mice and in middle-aged men and women.
Methods and Results— Wild-type and hypercholesterolemic female mice with >20-fold higher plasma levels of plant sterols because of inactivation of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) half transporters G5 and G8 ( G5G8 −/−mice) were fed chow or Western diets for 7 months. No significant differences in aortic lesion area were found when the sitosterolemic mice were compared with littermate controls. To determine whether plasma levels of plant sterols were associated with coronary atherosclerosis in humans, the relationship between plasma plant sterols and coronary calcium (detected by electron beam computer tomography) was examined in 2542 subjects aged 30 to 67 years. Plasma levels of cholesterol, but not sitosterol or campesterol, were significantly higher in subjects with coronary calcium.
Conclusions— The results of this study do not support an association between elevated plasma levels of plant sterols and atherosclerosis.
182 citations
TL;DR: Low cholesterol absorption efficiency was associated with characteristics of the metabolic syndrome and characteristics ofThe insulin resistance syndrome in men were linked with the Q604E polymorphism of the ABCG5 gene.
152 citations
TL;DR: The data show that disruption of the Abcg5 gene alone is sufficient to cause hyperabsorption of dietary plant sterols and sitosterolemia in mice, whereas the ability to secrete cholesterol into bile is maintained.
149 citations
TL;DR: Results indicate that 24-alkylated, Δ22, and 5α-reduced sterols are preferentially secreted into bile and that preferential biliary secretion of noncholesterol sterols by ABCG5 and ABCG8 prevents the accumulation of these sterols in normal animals.
135 citations
TL;DR: The observations presented in this study indicate that campesterol, beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol interacted less favorably than cholesterol with the phospholipids, leading to measurable differences in their domain properties.
130 citations
TL;DR: Exogenous oxyphytosterols are well-absorbed and accumulate in the body, but do not promote the development of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein (apo) E-deficient mice.
Abstract: Phytosterol oxidation products (oxyphytosterols) are formed during the processing and storage of foods. However, it is unknown whether oxyphytosterols affect human health. To address these issues, we prepared beta-sitosterol and campesterol oxides, evaluated their lymphatic absorption in rats, and examined the effect of an oxyphytosterol diet on atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein (apo) E-deficient mice. The lymphatic absorption of cholesterol and 6 oxyphytosterols (7alpha-hydroxy, 7beta-hydroxy, beta-epoxy, alpha-epoxy, dihydroxy, and 7-keto) of beta-sitosterol or campesterol was assessed in thoracic duct-cannulated rats fed an AIN-93G-based diet containing 2.5 g of cholesterol, oxyphytosterols, or intact phytosterols per kg. Lymphatic recoveries (on a mass basis) of oxycampesterols (15.9 +/- 2.8%, n = 10) and oxysitosterols (9.12 +/- 1.77%, n = 10) were higher than for campesterol (5.47 +/- 1.02%, n = 12, P < 0.05) and beta-sitosterol (2.16 +/- 0.37%, n = 12, P < 0.05), but lower than for cholesterol (37.3 +/- 8.3%, n = 6, P < 0.05). Apo E-deficient mice were fed an AIN-93G-based diet containing 0.2 g oxyphytosterols or intact phytosterols per kg for 9 wk. Diet-derived oxyphytosterols accumulated in the serum, liver, and aorta. Furthermore, the oxyphytosterol diet increased oxycholesterol in the serum compared to the phytosterol diet. However, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in the serum and aortic cholesterol concentration, the lesion area in the aortic root, or 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha concentration in the urine. These results indicate that exogenous oxyphytosterols are well-absorbed and accumulate in the body, but do not promote the development of atherosclerosis in apo E-deficient mice.
96 citations
TL;DR: It was concluded that phytosterol incorporation into macrophages may offer protection from atherosclerosis by reducing their prostaglandin release and thus slowing down the atheroma development.
Abstract: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in Western societies. Atherosclerosis is a major cardiovascular related disorder that is responsible for 50% of all mortality in the United States. Several epidemiological studies suggest that consumption of a plant-based diet is associated with a decreased incidence of cardiovascular abnormalities. Phytosterols, especially beta-sitosterol, are plant sterols that have been shown to exert protective effects against cardiovascular diseases as well as many types of cancer. Monocyte/macrophage cells are involved with the inflammatory process. Accumulation of these cells in arteries is one of the initial events leading to atherosclerosis. Macrophages are capable of supplying the atherosclerotic vessel with substantial amounts of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins have been shown by numerous studies to play a key role in the atherosclerosis process. They can affect platelet aggregation, vasodilation or constriction of blood vessels, and the adherence of monocytes to the vessel walls. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of phytosterols on the release of PGE(2) and PGI(2) from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated P388D(1)/MAB macrophage cells. P388D(1)/MAB cells were supplemented with 16 microM cholesterol, beta-sitosterol or campesterol using cyclodextrin as a vehicle. Phytosterol supplementation led to a significant decrease in cellular growth at various time points throughout a 7-day treatment period, especially after 3 days of treatment. Macrophages incorporated the supplemented phytosterols into their membranes which accounted for 26% of total membrane sterols. Cholesterol supplementation at 16 microM however, had no effect on membrane sterols. Supplementation with 16 microM concentration of beta-sitosterol or campesterol resulted in a significant inhibition of PGE(2) and PGI(2) release from macrophage cells as compared to the vehicle control. Of the two phytosterols, beta-sitosterol supplementation exhibited a greater inhibitory effect. PGE(2) release was decreased 68% by beta-sitosterol and 55% by campesterol, while cholesterol supplementation was not as effective, as it led to a 37% decrease. Similarly, release of PGI(2) from macrophages was inhibited 67% by beta-sitosterol and 52% by campesterol treatment, while enrichment of the cells with cholesterol, led to a 35% decrease in PGI(2) release. The decrease in prostaglandin release was not due to alteration in the expression of cPLA(2) and COX-2 enzymes which suggests that alterations in the activities of these enzymes may be responsible for the observed changes in prostaglandin release. It was concluded that phytosterol incorporation into macrophages may offer protection from atherosclerosis by reducing their prostaglandin release and thus slowing down the atheroma development.
90 citations
TL;DR: Pure individual phytosterols were prepared using reversed-phase HPLC in order to obtain the oxidized compounds of sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and brassicasterol, and the gas chromatographic properties as well as the electronic impact mass spectra of these compounds were studied.
84 citations
TL;DR: The sterol and alcohol composition of Cornicabra virgin olive oil during the crop seasons from 1997/1998 to 2001/2002 (n=334) are reported in this article.
82 citations
TL;DR: Lowering of plasma carotenoids was greater than that seen with lower phytosterol intake and was partially reversed by increased fruit and vegetable intake, and serum cholesterol lowering was in the range seen with 1.6–3.2 g/day phytesterol.
TL;DR: The authors' data indicate that effects of insulin-deficiency on bile composition and cholesterol absorption in rats are, at least partly, attributable to changes in hepatic and intestinal Abcg5 and Abccg8 expression.
Abstract: Type I diabetes is associated with altered hepatic bile formation and increased intestinal cholesterol absorption. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether altered expression of the ATP-Binding Cassette half-transporters Abcg5 and Abcg8, recently implicated in control of both hepatobiliary cholesterol secretion and intestinal cholesterol absorption, contributes to changed cholesterol metabolism in experimental diabetes. mRNA and protein expression of Abcg5 and Abcg8 were determined in the liver and intestine of rats with streptozotozin-induced diabetes and related to relevant metabolic parameters in plasma, liver and bile. Hepatic mRNA expression of both Abcg5 (−76%) and Abcg8 (−71%) was reduced in diabetic rats when compared to control rats. In spite of increased HDL cholesterol, considered a major source of biliary cholesterol, secretion of the sterol into bile relative to that of bile salts was reduced by 65% in diabetic animals. Intestinal mRNA expression of Abcg5 (−47%) and Abcg8 (−43%) as well as Abcg5 protein contents were also reduced in insulin-deficient animals. This was accompanied by a three- to four-fold increase in plasma β-sitosterol and campesterol concentrations and by a doubling of the calculated apparent cholesterol absorption. These effects partially normalized upon insulin supplementation. Our data indicate that effects of insulin-deficiency on bile composition and cholesterol absorption in rats are, at least partly, attributable to changes in hepatic and intestinal Abcg5 and Abcg8 expression.
01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: In this article, the main interest is generally in the levels of individual desmethyl sterols such as sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, avenasterols, and stanols, which comprise the majority of phytosterols in normal foods.
Abstract: Phytosterols are present in all plants and in foods containing plant-based raw materials. In normal diets vegetable oils and products based on them are generally acknowledged to be the richest sources of phytosterols (1,2). However, the significance of other foods, especially cereal products and vegetables, depends on dietary patterns. Some foods generally consumed only in low quantities but containing considerable amounts of sterols, such as nuts, may contribute significantly to the dietary phytosterol intakes of some individuals or population groups. On the other hand, food items with rather low levels of phytosterols but consumed as major food items may become significant sources. When various foods are evaluated as phytosterol sources, the main interest is generally in the levels of individual sterols, particularly different desmethyl sterols such as sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, avenasterols, and stanols, which comprise the majority of phytosterols in normal foods (2,3). More rarely, monomethyl and dimethyl sterols are also determined. In addition to the parent sterol composition, the distribution of the various steryl conjugates is also of interest. These conjugates, i.e., esters with fatty acids (SEs), esters with phenolic acids (SPHEs), glycosides (SGs), and acylated glycosides (ASGs), may have different chemical, technological, and nutritional properties. Cholesterol often accounts for 1–2% of the total sterols in plants and may comprise 5% or more in certain plant families,
TL;DR: Growing environment had a much greater influence on lupin oil characteristics than the genotypes, particularly for stigmasterol and phytosterols.
Abstract: This study was conducted to determine effects of genotypes and growing environment on phytosterols, triterpene alcohols, and phospholipids (PL) in lupin (Lupinus albus L.) oil from seven genotypes grown in Maine and Virginia. The unsaponifiable lipid (UNSAP) and phospholipid (PL) fractions ranged from 2.1 to 2.8% and from 2.6 to 2.8% of oil, respectively. UNSAP in lupin oil contained 19.9 to 28.7% sterols and 17.3 to 22.0% triterpene alcohols. Growing location significantly affected contents of total PL, PS, phosphatidylglycerol, β-sitosterol, campesterol, and β-amyrin. Genotypic effects were significant for stigmasterol. PC (32.6 to 46.3% of PL), PE (21.6 to 32% of PL), and PS (11.2 to 17.9% of PL) were the major PL in lupin oil. The concentration of PL classes in lupin oil were in the following descending order: PC>PE>PS>PI>phosphatidic acid > lysophosphatidylcholine > phosphatidylglycerol > diphosphatidylglycerol. In descending order of abundance, the sterols present in lupin oil were: β-sitosterol > campesterol > stigmasterol > Δ5-avenasterol > Δ7-stigmastenol Lupeol was the most prominent triterpene alcohol in lupin seed oil. In general, growing environment had a much greater influence on lupin oil characteristics than the genotypes.
TL;DR: It was proven that the ionization efficiency of cholesterol and phytosterol oxides are very similar and that response factors obtained for cholesterol oxidation products are also valid for quantitative work regarding phytosteroneol oxidation products.
TL;DR: The studied cultivars had all the lowest phytosterol contents in the dry and warm harvest season of 1999, and although there were statistically significant cultivar and year-to-year variations in the sterol composition, these were only between 2 and 4% of the total sterol content.
Abstract: Intake of phytosterols (and -stanols) has been shown to decrease the level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and thus protect against development of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, studies on the cultivar and year-to-year variation in phytosterol content in rye grains have been performed. The phytosterol content and composition of different rye cultivars, grown under identical conditions on the same field in three consecutive years, were analyzed. Both cultivar and year-to-year variation in sterol content were statistically significant (p < 0.0001). The total sterol content varied from 1007 ± 21 mg/kg in the highest yielding cultivar, Tsulpan 3, to 761 ± 10 mg/kg in the lowest yielding cultivar (Amando in the 1999 harvest). Because the meteorological conditions varied substantially between the different years, it was possible to deduce the impact of varying weather conditions on phytosterol content in the different cultivars. The studied cultivars had all the lowest phytosterol contents in the dry and warm harvest season of 1999. Although there were statistically significant cultivar and year-to-year variations in the sterol composition (p < 0.0001), these were only between 2 and 4% of the total sterol content.
TL;DR: In this article, absorption of phytosterols prepared as water-soluble emulsified micelles with two different food-grade emulsifiers was evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats.
Abstract: Clinical studies have demonstrated that consumption of phytosterol esters in lipid-based foods decreases serum concentrations of total and LDL cholesterol. These substances represent minimal potential for adverse effects when consumed orally because of their low bioavailability. However, some studies have reported estrogenic and other effects in laboratory animals treated parenterally with phytosterols, demonstrating that these substances may have the potential to cause adverse effects if absorbed. Water-soluble phytosterols have been prepared by formulation with emulsifiers to expand delivery options to include non-lipid-based foods. However, emulsifiers are used as excipients in the formulation of lipophilic pharmaceuticals to increase solubility, thereby increasing their absorption. Therefore, oral consumption of emulsified water-soluble phytosterols could potentially increase their absorption. In the current study, absorption of phytosterols prepared as water-soluble emulsified micelles with two different food-grade emulsifiers was evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats and compared with absorption of non-micellar free phytosterols and esterified phytosterol mixtures dissolved in a lipophilic vehicle (soybean oil). Rats were dosed via gavage with 42 mg/kg of formulated phytosterol preparations. Blood was collected at 8, 16, 24, and 32 hours, extracted with hexane, derivatized with benzoyl chloride, and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography to determine concentrations of beta-sitosterol, and campesterol. Plasma concentrations and AUC(0-32 hours) [microg/mL/h] of beta-sitosterol and campesterol were lower in plasma obtained from rats treated with emulsified phytosterol preparations than in animals treated with free phytosterols dissolved in soybean oil. Because the pharmacokinetic profile of water-soluble phytosterols is similar to that of phytosterols administered in a lipid vehicle, the safety profile is likely to be the same as that of phytosterols and phytosterol esters in currently used applications.
TL;DR: St sterol structures were identified as the corresponding trimethyl silyl ether derivatives obtained from the unsaponifiable fraction of the seed oils to identify bioactive compounds that could promote the use of these oils for edible applications.
Abstract: The seed oils from fifteen hybrid Hibiscus varieties were analyzed for desmethyl sterol content to identify bioactive compounds that could promote the use of these oils for edible applications. Hibiscusis being developed as a new crop with edible and nutraceutical applications for the component tissues and tissue extracts. Previously, hybrid varieties were developed for ornamental purposes on the basis of flower morphology and color. Currently, the effects of selective breeding on seed oil components are of interest as these represent potential natural products with bioactive properties. In the present study, sterol structures were identified as the corresponding trimethyl silyl ether derivatives obtained from the unsaponifiable fraction of the seed oils. This material contained an average of 32 wt % sterols and exhibited a relative composition of sitosterol, 76.3%; campesterol, 10.3%; stigmasterol, 7.3%; 5-avenasterol, 4.4%; and cholesterol, 0.6%. The content of 5-avenasterol showed statistically significant variation among the hybrid varieties with a range of 1.2-5.8%.
01 Jan 2004-Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment
TL;DR: Caco-2 cells are a useful model system to study potential interactive effects of phytosterols with fat-soluble dietary components and cytotoxicity and uptake in human intestinal cells in culture.
Abstract: Ingestion of phytosterols has been shown to reduce plasma cholesterol in both animals and humans. The esterified forms of phytosterols are increasingly being incorporated into margarine and fat spreads, which are then marketed as functional foods. The aim was to assess the cytotoxicity and uptake of four phytosterols, beta-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and stigmastanol, in human intestinal cells in culture. Another aim was to determine if phytosterols would interfere with alpha-tocopherol or beta-carotene uptake by these cells. Human adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells were supplemented for 24 h with increasing concentrations (0-12.5 microM) of each phytosterol. Cytotoxicity was assessed by neutral red uptake (NRU), lactate dehydrogenase release (LDH) and fluorescein diacetate/ethidium bromide (FDA/EtBr) assays. The phytosterols had no significant effects on Caco-2 cell viability assessed using LDH and FDA/EtBr assays. The highest concentrations of beta-sitosterol and campesterol tested (12.5 microM) resulted in decreased cell viability assessed using the NRU assay. All phytosterols were taken up by Caco-2 cells in culture. The results demonstrate a reduction in the uptake of beta-carotene when Caco-2 cells were supplemented with 20 microM beta-sitosterol. beta-Sitosterol did not interfere with alpha-tocopherol uptake by the cells. In conclusion, Caco-2 cells are a useful model system to study potential interactive effects of phytosterols with fat-soluble dietary components.
TL;DR: The data indicate that pancreatic cholesterol esterase is involved in the hydrolysis of γ-oryzanol in vivo and provide a perspective for tailoring the composition of steryl ferulate mixtures on a large scale.
Abstract: The hydrolysis of γ-oryzanol, a cholesterol-lowering and antioxidative mixture of steryl ferulates (mainly 24-methylenecycloartanyl ferulate 1, cycloartenyl ferulate 2, campesteryl ferulate 3, and β-sitosteryl ferulate 4) occurring in rice, by commercially available enzyme preparations was investigated. Lipase preparations from different sources did not accept γ-oryzanol as substrate. Cholesterol esterases, however, catalyzed a sterol-specific reaction, i.e., β-sitosterol and campesterol were liberated from 3 and 4, whereas 1 and 2 remained unhydrolyzed. The same specificity profile was observed for hydrolysis of γ-oryzanol in artificial pancreatic juice and in reactions catalyzed by pancreatic acetone powders. The data indicate that pancreatic cholesterol esterase is involved in the hydrolysis of γ-oryzanol in vivo. They also provide a perspective for tailoring the composition of steryl ferulate mixtures on a large scale.
TL;DR: Results could indicate that the basal metabolic rate and locomotion activity of the frogs were decreased and the effects could not be attributed to the possible estrogenicity of the PS mixture.
01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: In this article, the formation of phytosterol oxidation products (POP) and an analytical method for the determination of POP in food products were evaluated and optimized for the first time.
Abstract: Johnsson, L. 2004. Phytosterol Oxidation Products: Formation, Analysis and Occurrence Doctoral dissertation ISSN 1401-6249, ISBN 91-576-6770-5 The main aim of this thesis was to study the formation of phytosterol oxidation products (POP) and to evaluate and optimize an analytical method for the determination of POP in food products. The cholesterol lowering effect of phytosterols (PS) and phytostanols has been known for more than half a century and many reports in this area have been published. During the last decade the intake of PS has increased and products enriched with PS and phytostanols have been launched on the commercial market. Due to their chemical structure, PS are susceptible to oxidation at various sites in their structure. In the present study, oxidation products from the major phytosterols, sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol, were generated through autoxidation at elevated temperature. POP from both the ring-structure and side-chain structure were separated by preparative TLC and characterized using GC, GC-MS and NMR spectroscopy. Chromatographic data for many of the products were reported for the first time. The analytical methodology investigated and optimized in the present study included transesterification of the lipid compounds. The enrichment of POP by amino SPE-technique was reported as efficient and time saving compared with the more commonly used saponification technique. In addition, highly improved separation of a mixture of 29 POP was illustrated when a combination of different polarity GC capillary columns was studied. The optimized methodology was used for the determination of the levels of POP in some food products. The levels increased in olive oil and maize oil after heated at 180 ± 5 °C for 0-2 h from 8 μg/g to 18 μg/g and 4 μg/g to 12 μg/g, respectively. However, the levels of POP were almost unchanged during heating of peanut oil. The total amount of POP in a commercial available PS ester enriched spread was calculated to around 12 μg/g spread. Overall, the findings from this thesis demonstrate that numerous oxidation products from PS are formed during heat-facilitated autoxidation. For quantification of all these POP by GC, very high efficient capillary column/columns are necessary. The development of efficient and reliable analytical methods is urgent for the determination of levels of POP in food products, and possibilities to accurately estimate the daily intake of POP.
TL;DR: The results of several selected studies relating phytosterol consumption and plasma levels of lipids, lipoproteins and antioxidants are reviewed and a significant decrease in the absorption of several lypophilic antioxidant compounds such as carotenoids and tocopherols is observed, which may counterbalance the protective cardiovascular effect ofphytosterols.
Abstract: Phytosterols are plant sterols structurally similar to cholesterol. The most common phytosterols are s-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol. They are present in many foods but mainly in nuts and vegetable oils. They compete with cholesterol absorption decreasing the cardiovascular risk. Recent studies have associated the intake of 0.63-3g/day of phytosterols with lowering serum cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels. The same decrease has been observed in apolipoprotein B. These results suggest that dietary phytosterols are useful for protection against cardiovascular disease. Because of this they have been incorporated in relatively high quantities into spreads and margarines. However, negative effects have also been reported. Among them, a significant decrease in the absorption of several lypophilic antioxidant compounds such as carotenoids and tocopherols, which may counterbalance the protective cardiovascular effect of phytosterols. In this paper the results of several selected studies relating phytosterol consumption and plasma levels of lipids, lipoproteins and antioxidants are reviewed. More studies are needed to establish if it is necessary to supplement with such antioxidant compounds the diet of people consuming phytosterols for therapeutical purposes.
TL;DR: The development of formulations of chemically unbound, non-crystalline phytosterols is desirable in order to decrease the required daily dose, at constant health promoting effect.
Abstract: Vital to the stability of plant cell membranes, phytosterols are present in all foods of plant origin. Over forty different known phytosterols, of which β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol are prevalent in natural products, can be distinguished from cholesterol as well as from each other. The development of formulations of chemically unbound, non-crystalline phytosterols is desirable in order to decrease the required daily dose, at constant health promoting effect.
TL;DR: The content of glyceride oil, phospholipid, sterol and tocopherol composition of 7 species of fam.
Abstract: The content of glyceride oil, phospholipid, sterol and tocopherol composition of 7 species of fam. Lamiaceae seeds were investigated. 8.7-28.6 % of glyceride oil in the seeds were determined. The content of phospholipids in the oils was found to be 1.0-1.6 %. Phosphatidylcholine (35.5-63.1 %), phosphatidylinositol (19.1-30.2 %) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (5.8-21.6 %) were the main components in the phospholipid fraction. In the sterol fraction (0.1-0.3 % total sterols in the oils) 64.8-86.3 % are in free form and 13.7-35.2 % as sterol esters. β -Sitosterol predominates in all glyceride oils (48.8-87.9 %), followed by campesterol (1.5-22.5 %) and stigmasterol (1.1-12.8 %). 6.3-649.7 mg/kg tocopherols were found, mainly α -tocopherol (48.5-99.9%).
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In diabetics it seems that plant sterols and probably also cholesterol absorption can be influenced negative by higher value HbA1c, and in non-diabetics squalen positive correlates with C-peptid, lathosterol with triacylglycerols and campesterol with Hb a1c.
Abstract: Plant sterols occur naturally in plants and vegetable oils. Sitosterol and campesterol are markers of cholesterol absorption. The ratio of cholesterol endogenous synthesis to its absorption may be assessed by sitosterol, campesterol and other non-cholesterol sterols (lathosterol and squalen) serum concentration measurements. In 38 Type 2 diabetics (59.9 years, BMI 29.8 kg/m2, HbA1c 7.6%, C-peptid 0.82 nmol/l) and in 40 non-diabetics (37.2 years, BMI 25.4 kg/m2, HbA1c 5.2%, C-peptid 0.85 nmol/l) plant sterols serum concentration were measured: lathosterol (diabetics 10.64, non-diabetics 6.04 mumol/l, p = 0.09), squalen (diabetics 3.42, non-diabetics 1.78 mumol/l, p < 0.01), sitosterol (diabetics 3.91, non-diabetics 3.80 mumol/l, p = 0.60) and campesterol (diabetics 7.91, non-diabetics 8.85 mmol/l, p = 0.09). In non-diabetics squalen positive correlates with C-peptid, lathosterol with triacylglycerols and campesterol with HbA1c. In diabetics correlates diabetes compensation with plant sterols value negative. It seems that plant sterols and probably also cholesterol absorption can be influenced negative by higher value HbA1c.
TL;DR: It is suggested that growth hormone treatment selectively improves cholesterol, but not bile acid absorption, after autotransplantation of the jejunoileum.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The proximate composition of some non-conventional seeds, Collocynthis citrullus (CLCT), Cucurbita moschata (CCBT) and Cyperus esculentus (CYP) and the physicochemical characteristics, lipid classes, sterols and fatty acid composition of the solvent extracted oils are reported.
Abstract: The proximate composition of some non-conventional seeds, Collocynthis citrullus (CLCT), Cucurbita moschata (CCBT) and Cyperus esculentus (CYP) and the physicochemical characteristics, lipid classes, sterols and fatty acid composition of the solvent extracted oils are reported. The percentage oil yield in the seeds were 37.93%, 30.85%, and 26.86% for CLCT, CCBT, and CYP respectively. Linoleic acid was the predominant fatty acid in CLCT while oleic was the major fatty acid in CYP and CCBT contained nearly equal amount of oleic and linoleic acids. The lipid classes showed triglycerides to be the major lipid specie in the oils. Sterol composition revealed the presence of campesterol, stigmasterol, β-sitosterol, Δ 5 -avenasterol, and Δ 7 -sterols with β-sitosterol being the predominant sterol in the three seed oils. The iodine value (IV) of the oils indicated CLCT (IV, 131.1 mg iodine/g) and CCBT (IV, 130.6 mg iodine/g) were semidrying oils while CYP (IV, 68.1 mg iodine/g) was a non-drying oil.
01 May 2004
TL;DR: Plasma levels of 7 α-hydroxycholestenone, the product once removed of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase, reflect rates of bile acid synthesis and are used to monitor the effects of statin therapy on the latter and of feeding plant sterols and stanols.
Abstract: Plasma markers of sterol metabolism provide a means of assessing the synthesis of cholesterol and bile acids and the absorption of cholesterol and plant sterols. Synthetic markers are products of the rate-limiting enzymes HMG CoA reductase and cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase, whereas absorptive markers are usually exogenous, exemplified by plant sterols. Markers of cholesterol synthesis include plasma levels of mevalonic acid (MVA) and lathosterol. We have measured both in order to investigate pathophysiological influences on cholesterol synthesis and to monitor the effects of lipid-lowering interventions, such as LDL apheresis and statins. Plasma levels of plant sterols provide a surrogate marker of cholesterol absorption but also reflect other influences including the plant sterol content of the diet and therapeutic interventions, such as plant stanols, statins and ezetimibe. Plasma levels of 7α-hydroxycholestenone, the product once removed of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase, reflect rates of bile acid synthesis. We have used this marker to monitor the effects of statin therapy on the latter and of feeding plant sterols and stanols.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The development of formulations of chemically unbound, non-crystalline phytosterols is desirable in order to decrease the required daily dose, at constant health promoting effect as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Vital to the stability of plant cell membranes, phytosterols are present in all foods of plant origin. Over forty different known phytosterols, of which β-sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol are prevalent in natural products, can be distinguished from cholesterol as well as from each other. The development of formulations of chemically unbound, non-crystalline phytosterols is desirable in order to decrease the required daily dose, at constant health promoting effect.