Showing papers on "Conductive polymer published in 2010"
TL;DR: The hierarchical nanocomposite possessed higher electrochemical capacitance and better stability than each individual component as supercapacitor electrode materials, showing a synergistic effect of PANI and GO.
Abstract: We introduced a facile method to construct hierarchical nanocomposites by combining one-dimensional (1D) conducting polyaniline (PANI) nanowires with 2D graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets. PANI nanowire arrays are aligned vertically on GO substrate. The morphologies of PANI nanowires can be controlled by adjusting the ratios of aniline to GO, which are attributed to different nucleation processes. The hierarchical nanocomposite structures of PANI−GO were further proved by UV−vis, FTIR, and XRD measurements. The hierarchical nanocomposite possessed higher electrochemical capacitance and better stability than each individual component as supercapacitor electrode materials, showing a synergistic effect of PANI and GO. This study will further guide the preparation of functional nanocomposites by combining different dimensional nanomaterials.
1,267 citations
02 Nov 2010
TL;DR: The discovery and development of conducting polymers was initiated by Polyaniline and Polypyrrole as mentioned in this paper, the first electrically conductive poly(Heterocycle): PolyPyrrole.
Abstract: The Discovery and Development of Conducting Polymers The Scope of This Historical Overview Introduction An Early Example: Polyaniline The First Electrically Conductive Poly(Heterocycle): Polypyrrole The Fundamental Breakthrough: Doped Polyacetylene Conductive Polymers versus Metals and Insulators Metals, Semiconductors, and Insulators Conjugated Polymers Temperature-Dependent Conductivity Order and Disorder Polythiophenes: A Chance for Maximum Conductivity? Oxygen-Substituted Polythiophenes A Short History of the PEDOT Invention The Synthesis of EDOT Monomer, and Its Physical and Chemical Properties Monomer Synthesis Physical Properties Chemical Properties From EDOT to PEDOT: Oxidative Polymerization and Other Routes Oxidative Polymerization and Doping "Self-Oxidation" of EDOT Halogen Derivatives The Organometallic Route to PEDOT Neutral, Undoped PEDOT by Oxidative Polymerization Counterions for PEDOT Counterions in Electrochemically Polymerized PEDOT Counterions in Chemically Polymerized PEDOT The In Situ Polymerization of EDOT to PEDOT Synthesis of In Situ PEDOT Properties of In Situ PEDOT In Situ Polymerization of EDOT Derivatives and Relatives PEDOT: PSS PEDOT: PSS Dispersions Properties of PEDOT: PSS Secondary Doping Applications Solid Electrolyte Capacitors Through Hole Plating for Printed Wiring Boards ITO Substitution Antistatic Coatings Electroluminescent Lamps Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) PEDOT:PSS in Organic Solar Cells Electrochromic Behavior Organic Field-Effect Transistors Technical Use and Commercial Aspects EDOT and PEDOT Derivatives with Covalently Attached Side Groups EDOT-CH2OH and Its Derivatives EDOT-CH2Cl and Its Follow-Up Products Alkyl EDOTs Water Soluble, "Self-Doping" EDOT Derivatives XDOTs, EDXTs, EDOXs, and 2(5)-X(2)-EDOTs: Ring Size Variations, Heteroanalogs, and Derivatives of EDOT with Substituents at the Thiophene Ring 3,4-Methylenedioxythiophene (MDOT) ProDOT (Propylenedioxythiophene) Derivatives Vinylenedioxythiophene (VDOT) and Benzo-EDOT 3,4-Ethyleneoxythiathiophene (EOTT) 3,4-Ethylene dithiathiophene (EDTT) 3,4-Ethylenedioxypyrrole (EDOP) and Its Derivatives 3,4-Ethylenedioxyselenophene (EDOS) 2,5-Disubstituted EDOT Derivatives [2(,5)-X(2)-EDOTs] The Electrochemical Behavior of EDOT and PEDOT
773 citations
TL;DR: The fabrication of high-quality ultra-drawn polyethylene nanofibres with diameters of 50-500 nm and lengths up to tens of millimetres were found and the thermal conductivity was found to be as high as approximately 104 W m(-1) K(-1), which is larger than the conductivities of about half of the pure metals.
Abstract: Bulk polymers are generally regarded as thermal insulators, and typically have thermal conductivities on the order of 0.1 W m(-1) K(-1). However, recent work suggests that individual chains of polyethylene--the simplest and most widely used polymer--can have extremely high thermal conductivity. Practical applications of these polymers may also require that the individual chains form fibres or films. Here, we report the fabrication of high-quality ultra-drawn polyethylene nanofibres with diameters of 50-500 nm and lengths up to tens of millimetres. The thermal conductivity of the nanofibres was found to be as high as approximately 104 W m(-1) K(-1), which is larger than the conductivities of about half of the pure metals. The high thermal conductivity is attributed to the restructuring of the polymer chains by stretching, which improves the fibre quality toward an 'ideal' single crystalline fibre. Such thermally conductive polymers are potentially useful as heat spreaders and could supplement conventional metallic heat-transfer materials, which are used in applications such as solar hot-water collectors, heat exchangers and electronic packaging.
731 citations
TL;DR: A review of PANI nanostructures can be found in this paper, where a model of a flowing template combined with a helical nanotubular growth is proposed to account for the formation of nanotubes.
687 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a novel nano-architecture is developed by combining the nanostructured conductive polymer polypyrrole with highly electrically conductive graphene nanosheets in a multilayered configuration to achieve high specific capacitance and low electronic resistance for supercapacitor electrode applications.
Abstract: A novel nanoarchitecture is developed by combining the nanostructured conductive polymer polypyrrole with highly electrically conductive graphene nanosheets in a multilayered configuration to achieve high specific capacitance and low electronic resistance for supercapacitor electrode applications. The fibrous network of polypyrrole nanowires with high electrolyte ionic accessibility was interspersed with electrically conductive monolayers of highly aligned large sized graphene nanosheets as a series of current collectors within the macroscopic configuration for enhanced electronic charge transport inside the electrode. A fabrication method relying on capillary force driven self-assembly coupled with the strong van der Waals attraction between highly aromatic graphene basal plane and π conjugated conductive polymer chains was employed to create a 100% binder free multilayered composite structure of these two distinct nanoscale elements to construct the electrode. This multilayer composite electrode exhibit...
626 citations
TL;DR: The crucial role of stabilizers was revealed by characterizing transport characteristics of composites synthesized by electrically conducting PEDOT:PSS and insulating gum Arabic with 1:1-1:4 weight ratios of CNT to stabilizers, and the influence of composite synthesis temperature and CNT-type and concentration on thermoelectric properties has also been studied.
Abstract: The thermoelectric properties of carbon nanotube (CNT)-filled polymer composites can be enhanced by modifying junctions between CNTs using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), yielding high electrical conductivities (up to ∼40000 S/m) without significantly altering thermopower (or Seebeck coefficient). This is because PEDOT:PSS particles are decorated on the surface of CNTs, electrically connecting junctions between CNTs. On the other hand, thermal transport remains comparable to typical polymeric materials due to the dissimilar bonding and vibrational spectra between CNT and PEDOT:PSS. This behavior is very different from that of typical semiconductors whose thermoelectric properties are strongly correlated. The decoupled thermoelectric properties, which is ideal for developing better thermoelectric materials, are believed to be due to thermally disconnected and electrically connected contact junctions between CNTs. Carrier transport at the junction is found to be strongly...
543 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a one-step template-free approach was used to synthesize large arrays of vertically aligned polyaniline (PANI) nanowires on various conducting substrates by using a galvanostatic current method.
Abstract: Vertically aligned conducting polymer nanowire arrays have great potential applications in supercapacitor electrode materials In this paper, we report a facial one-step template-free approach to synthesize large arrays of vertically aligned polyaniline (PANI) nanowires on various conducting substrates by using a galvanostatic current method The as-prepared large arrays of PANI nanowires had very narrow diameters and were oriented perpendicular to the substrate, which was a benefit to the ion diffusion when being used as the supercapacitor electrode The highest specific capacitance of PANI nanowire arrays was measured as 950 F·g−1 and kept as high as 780 F·g−1 at a large charge−discharge current density (40 A·g−1) Furthermore, the capacitances in several different electrolytes, including HClO4, lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl) (LiTFSI) aqueous solution and nonsolvent electrolyte ionic liquid, were investigated The results indicated that the orientation of nanostructures could dramatically enhanc
479 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the synthesis and thermoelectric characterization of composite nanocrystals composed of a tellurium core functionalized with the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) was reported.
Abstract: We report the synthesis and thermoelectric characterization of composite nanocrystals composed of a tellurium core functionalized with the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). Solution processed nanocrystal films electronically out perform both PEDOT:PSS and unfunctionalized Te nanorods while retaining a polymeric thermal conductivity, resulting in a room temperature ZT ∼ 0.1. This combination of electronic and thermal transport indicates the potential for tailored transport in nanoscale organic/inorganic heterostructures.
459 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a polypyrrole (PPy)/graphene (GR) nanocomposites were successfully prepared via in-situ polymerization of graphite oxide (GO) and pyrrole monomer followed by chemical reduction using hydrazine monohydrate.
455 citations
TL;DR: The contact resistance between Bi(2)Te(3) and PEDOT is identified as the limiting factor for further TE property improvement, and these composites can be used for all-solution-processed TE devices on flexible substrates as a new fabrication option.
Abstract: Newly commercialized PEDOT:PSS products CLEVIOS PH1000 and FE-T, among the most conducting of polymers, show unexpectedly higher Seebeck coefficients than older CLEVIOS P products that were studied by other groups in the past, leading to promising thermoelectric (TE) power factors around 47 μW/m K2 and 30 μW/m K2 respectively. By incorporating both n and p type Bi2Te3 ball milled powders into these PEDOT:PSS products, power factor enhancements for both p and n polymer composite materials are achieved. The contact resistance between Bi2Te3 and PEDOT is identified as the limiting factor for further TE property improvement. These composites can be used for all-solution-processed TE devices on flexible substrates as a new fabrication option.
440 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the HFI does indeed have a crucial role in all three spin responses and OLED films based on the D-polymers show substantially narrower magneto-electroluminescence and ODMR responses, and OSV devices based on D- polymers show a substantially larger magnetoresistance.
Abstract: The origin of the effect that a magnetic field has on various electronic properties of organic semiconductors is still controversial. It is now shown that substituting hydrogen for deuterium in conducting polymers changes the response to a magnetic field substantially, proving the essential part played by hyperfine interaction in this effect.
TL;DR: The results to date certainly suggest that carbazole-based polymers and copolymers are among the most promising materials yet proposed for obtaining high efficiency organic solar cells.
Abstract: Polymers based upon 2,7-disubstituted carbazole have recently become of great interest as electron-donating materials in organic photovoltaic devices. In this tutorial review the synthesis of such polymers and their relative performances in such devices are surveyed. In particular structure–property relationships are investigated and the potential for the rational design of materials for high efficiency solar cells is discussed. In the case of the 2,7-carbazole homopolymer it has been found that electron acceptors other than fullerenes produce higher energy conversion efficiencies. To get around possible problems with the build-up of charge density at the 3- and 6-positions and to improve the solar light harvesting ability of the polymers by reducing the bandgap, ladder- and step-ladder type 2,7-carbazole polymers have been synthesised. The fully ladderised polymers gave very poor results in devices, but efficiencies of over 1% have been obtained from a step-ladder polymer with a diindenocarbazole monomer unit. Donor–acceptor copolymers containing 2,7-carbazole donors and various electron-accepting comonomer units have been prepared. An efficiency of 6% has been reported from a device using such a copolymer and by suitable choice of the acceptor comonomer, polymers can be designed with potential theoretical power conversion efficiencies of 10%. While such efficiencies remain to be obtained, the results to date certainly suggest that carbazole-based polymers and copolymers are among the most promising materials yet proposed for obtaining high efficiency organic solar cells.
TL;DR: In experiments of primary neurons with conducting-polymer nanotubes, cultured dorsal root ganglion explants remain more intact and exhibit longer neurites than their film counterparts, suggesting that conducting- polymer nanOTubes may improve the long-term function of neural microelectrodes.
Abstract: An in vitro comparison of conducting-polymer nanotubes of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and poly(pyrrole) (PPy) and to their film counterparts is reported. Impedance, charge-capacity density (CCD), tendency towards delamination, and neurite outgrowth are compared. For the same deposition charge density, PPy films and nanotubes grow relatively faster vertically, while PEDOT films and nanotubes grow more laterally. For the same deposition charge density (1.44 C cm(-2)), PPy nanotubes and PEDOT nanotubes have lower impedance (19.5 +/- 2.1 kOmega for PPy nanotubes and 2.5 +/- 1.4 kOmega for PEDOT nanotubes at 1 kHz) and higher CCD (184 +/- 5.3 mC cm(-2) for PPy nanotubes and 392 +/- 6.2 mC cm(-2) for PEDOT nanotubes) compared to their film counterparts. However, PEDOT nanotubes decrease the impedance of neural-electrode sites by about two orders of magnitude (bare iridium 468.8 +/- 13.3 kOmega at 1 kHz) and increase capacity of charge density by about three orders of magnitude (bare iridium 0.1 +/- 0.5 mC cm(-2)). During cyclic voltammetry measurements, both PPy and PEDOT nanotubes remain adherent on the surface of the silicon dioxide while PPy and PEDOT films delaminate. In experiments of primary neurons with conducting-polymer nanotubes, cultured dorsal root ganglion explants remain more intact and exhibit longer neurites (1400 +/- 95 microm for PPy nanotubes and 2100 +/- 150 microm for PEDOT nanotubes) than their film counterparts. These findings suggest that conducting-polymer nanotubes may improve the long-term function of neural microelectrodes.
TL;DR: This paper reviews template synthesis routes for conducting polymer nanostructures, including soft and hard template methods, as well as its mechanisms, and the application of conducting polymer mesostructure in energy storage devices, such as supercapacitors and rechargeable batteries are discussed.
Abstract: Conducting polymer nanostructures have received increasing attention in both fundamental research and various application fields in recent decades. Compared with bulk conducting polymers, conducting polymer nanostructures are expected to display improved performance in energy storage because of the unique properties arising from their nanoscaled size: high electrical conductivity, large surface area, short path lengths for the transport of ions, and high electrochemical activity. Template methods are emerging for a sort of facile, efficient, and highly controllable synthesis of conducting polymer nanostructures. This paper reviews template synthesis routes for conducting polymer nanostructures, including soft and hard template methods, as well as its mechanisms. The application of conducting polymer mesostructures in energy storage devices, such as supercapacitors and rechargeable batteries, are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple method was developed using metal grid/conducting polymer hybrid transparent electrode to replace indium tin oxide (ITO) for the fabrication of inverted structure polymer solar cells.
Abstract: A simple method was developed using metal grid/conducting polymer hybrid transparent electrode to replace indium tin oxide (ITO) for the fabrication of inverted structure polymer solar cells. The performance of the devices could be tuned easily by varying the width and separation of the metal grids. By combining the appropriate metal grid geometry with a thin conductive polymer layer, substrates with comparable transparency and sheet resistance to those of ITO could be achieved. Polymer solar cells fabricated using this hybrid electrode show efficiencies as high as ∼3.2%. This method provides a feasible way for fabricating low-cost, large-area organic solar cells.
TL;DR: In this article, a graphene nanosheet/ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene composite with a segregated structure has been fabricated using water/ethanol solvent-assisted dispersion and hot compression at 200 °C.
TL;DR: In this article, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-core/thiophene polymer-sheath composite nanocables were synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) with oxidant (FeCl3) in the presence of cationic surfactant, deceyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB).
Abstract: Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-core/thiophene polymer-sheath composite nanocables were synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) with oxidant (FeCl3) in the presence of cationic surfactant, deceyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (DTAB). In the polymerization process, DTAB surfactant molecules were adsorbed on the surface of MWCNTs and forms MWCNTs-DTAB soft template. Upon the addition of EDOT and oxidant, the polymerization take place on the surface of MWCNTs and PEDOT is gradually deposited on the surface of MWCNTs. The resulting MWCNTs-PEDOT nanocomposites have the nanocable structure. Nanocomposites were characterized by HRTEM, FE-SEM, XRD, XPS, TGA, FTIR and PL, respectively. The π-π interactions between PEDOT and MWCNTs enhancing the thermal and electrical properties of the nanocomposites with loading of MWCNTs. The temperature dependence conductivity measurements show that the conductivity of the nanocomposite decrease with a decrease of temperature, and conductivity-temperature relationship is well fit by the quasi-one dimensional variable range hopping mode. The mechanism for the formation of composite nanocables was explained on the basis of self- assembly of micelles. The reported self-assembly strategy for the synthesis of PEDOT-coated MWCNTs in micellar medium is a rapid, versatile, potentially scalable, stable, and making it useful for further exploitation in a varies types of applications. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1477–1484, 2010
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of the polymerization conditions, such as the solvents and supporting electrolytes, on the morphological structure and electrochromic properties of PEDOT films were systematically studied.
Abstract: Although significant efforts were devoted to improving the properties of conductive polymers, the effects of solvent and supporting electrolytes on the morphology and electrochromic features of electropolymerized materials have been scantly investigated. In this work, the effects of the polymerization conditions, such as the solvents and supporting electrolytes, on the morphological structure and electrochromic properties of PEDOT films were systematically studied. Surprisingly, we find a very significant solvent effect and a small supporting electrolyte effect. We show that morphological properties also strongly correlate with electrochromic properties. Films prepared in propylene carbonate have a smoother structure than those prepared in acetonitrile and this leads to superior electrochromic properties, such as an exceptionally high contrast ratio (71%), transparency in the doped state (80%), and coloration efficiency (193 cm2/C) for the films prepared in propylene carbonate. Significant differences bet...
TL;DR: In this article, an ultrasensitive nanostructrued sensor that can detect 50 ppt of NH3 gas in air was reported. But the sensor was not shown to be more sensitive than the best PANI sensor reported in the literature.
Abstract: In this communication, we reported for the first time an ultrasensitive nanostructrued sensor that can detect 50 ppt of NH3 gas in air Specifically, nanograins of a p-type conductive polymer, polyaniline (PANI), are enchased on an electrospun n-type semiconductive TiO2 fiber surface The resistance of the p−n heterojunctions combining with the bulk resistance of PANI nanograins can function as electric current switches when NH3 gas is absorbed by PANI nanoparticles As a result, the sensor sensitivity can be significantly improved The sensor fabricated in this work is 1000 times more sensitive than the best PANI sensor reported in the literature
TL;DR: In this paper, a composite with core-shell structures consisting of polyaniline and carbon nanotubes was prepared via in situ polymerization of aniline monomers by using multi-walled carbon Nanotubes with minimized defects as templates.
TL;DR: Although both fabrication and evaluation of structure–property relationships remain challenges, materials comprised of conducting polymers and hydrogels are promising for the next generation of bioactive electrode coatings.
TL;DR: In this paper, the properties of PANI-based CNTs obtained at different temperatures as electrode materials for supercapacitors using 30% aqueous solution of KOH as electrolyte were investigated by galvanostatic charge/discharge and cyclic voltammetry.
TL;DR: Significant conductivity enhancement was observed on transparent and conductive poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) films after a treatment with organic and inorganic acids, including acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, oxalic acid, sulfurous acid, and hydrochloric acid.
Abstract: Significant conductivity enhancement was observed on transparent and conductive poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) films after a treatment with organic and inorga...
TL;DR: In this article, a poly-(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) nanorods oriented perpendicularly to indium tin oxide (ITO) glass are fabricated using an anodic aluminum oxide template.
Abstract: A structured polymer solar cell architecture featuring a large interface between donor and acceptor with connecting paths to the respective electrodes is explored. To this end, poly-(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) nanorods oriented perpendicularly to indium tin oxide (ITO) glass are fabricated using an anodic aluminum oxide template. It is found that the P3HT chains in bulk films or nanorods are oriented differently; perpendicular or parallel to the ITO substrate, respectively. Such chain alignment of the P3HT nanorods enhanced the electrical conductivity up to tenfold compared with planar P3HT films. Furthermore, the donor/acceptor contact area could be maximised using P3HT nanorods as donor and C60 as acceptor. In a photovoltaic device employing this structure, remarkable photoluminescence quenching (88%) and a seven-fold efficiency increase (relative to a device with a planar bilayer) are achieved.
TL;DR: Polyaniline (PANI) is one of most promising conducting polymers has attracted much attention because of its low cost, superior electrochemical performance, distinguishable electrical properties, me...
Abstract: Polyaniline (PANI) as one of most promising conducting polymers has attracted much attention because of its low cost, superior electrochemical performance, distinguishable electrical properties, me...
TL;DR: This critical review describes the preparation and properties of a relatively new class of chiral macromolecules, namely chiral conducting polymers, namely polypyrrole, polythiophene and polyaniline, which possess remarkable properties, combining not only chirality with electrical conductivity but also the ability to undergo facile redox and pH switching.
Abstract: This critical review describes the preparation and properties of a relatively new class of chiral macromolecules, namely chiral conducting polymers. It focuses in particular on examples based on polypyrrole, polythiophene and polyaniline. They possess remarkable properties, combining not only chirality with electrical conductivity but also the ability to undergo facile redox and pH switching. These unique properties have opened up a range of exciting new potential applications, including as chiral sensors, as novel stationary phases for chiral separations, and as chiral electrodes for electrochemical asymmetric synthesis (153 references).
TL;DR: In this article, a series of hydrochloric acid-doped polyaniline (PANI) was prepared by chemical oxidative polymerization and the effects of HCl-doping concentration on the thermoelectric properties in the temperature range of 303-423 K were discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, a PANI nanofibers were fabricated by interfacial polymerization in the presence of para-phenylenediamine (PPD), which not only has a profound impact on the polymers morphology, but can also improve their specific energy and specific capacitances.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors performed morphological, structural, thermal and optical characterization of polyaniline-silver nanocomposite and found that the electrical conductivity increases with an increase in the number of nanoparticles.
TL;DR: These conducting polymer/HG coatings have the potential to improve long-term performance of the neural electrodes not only by improving the electrode biocompatibility but also by facilitating more efficient signal transmission.