Showing papers on "Diesel engine published in 2005"
TL;DR: Further work is required in specifying acceptable fuel characteristics, confirming the long-term effects on engine durability, and ensuring safety in handling and storing ethanol-diesel blends.
957 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a review of the production and characterization of biodiesel (BD or B) as well as the experimental work carried out by many researchers in this field.
871 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a two-step esterification method was developed to produce biodiesel from high FFA vegetable oils, which consists of acid-catalyzed pretreatment followed by an alkaline-caralyzed transesterification.
746 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of aftertreatment devices such as particle traps and catalytic converters on diesel particle properties are discussed, and a selection of systems for dilution, conditioning and measuring is shown.
663 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of different ethanol-diesel blended fuels on the performance and emissions of diesel engines have been evaluated experimentally and compared in a water-cooled single-cylinder Direct Injection (DI) diesel engine.
401 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Mahua oil (Madhuca indica seed oil) was transesterified with methanol using sodium hydroxide as catalyst to obtain mahua oil methyl ester.
Abstract: There is an increasing interest in many countries to search for suitable alternative fuels that are environment friendly. Although straight vegetable oils can be used in diesel engines, their high viscosities, low volatilities and poor cold flow properties have led to the investigation of various derivatives. Biodiesel is a fatty acid alkyl ester, which can be derived from any vegetable oil by transesterification. Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable and non-toxic fuel. In this study, Mahua oil (Madhuca indica seed oil) was transesterified with methanol using sodium hydroxide as catalyst to obtain mahua oil methyl ester. This biodiesel was tested in a single cylinder, four stroke, direct injection, constant speed, compression ignition diesel engine (Kirloskar) to evaluate the performance and emissions.
371 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of charge dilution on low-temperature diesel combustion and emissions were investigated in a small-bore single-cylinder diesel engine over a wide range of injection timing.
Abstract: The effects of charge dilution on low-temperature diesel combustion and emissions were investigated in a small-bore single-cylinder diesel engine over a wide range of injection timing. The fresh air was diluted with additional N 2 and CO 2 , simulating 0 to 65% exhaust gas recirculation in an engine. Diluting the intake charge lowers the flame temperature T due to the reactant being replaced by inert gases with increased heat capacity. In addition, charge dilution is anticipated to influence the local charge equivalence ratio Φ prior to ignition due to the lower O 2 concentration and longer ignition delay periods. By influencing both Φ and T, charge dilution impacts the path representing the progress of the combustion process in the Φ-T plane, and offers the potential of avoiding both soot and NO x formation. In-cylinder pressure measurements, exhaust-gas emissions, and imaging of combustion luminosity were performed to clarify the path of the combustion process and the effects of charge dilution and injection timing on combustion and fuel conversion efficiency. Based on the findings, a postulated combustion process in the Φ-T plane is presented for different dilution levels and injection timings. Although the ignition delay increased with high dilution and early injection, the heat release analysis indicated that a large portion of the combustion and emissions formation processes was still dominated by the mixing-controlled phase rather than the premixed phase. Because of the incomplete premixing, and the need to mix a greater volume of charge with unbumed or partially-burned fuel to complete combustion, the diluted mixtures increased CO emissions. Injecting the fuel at earlier timings to extend the ignition delay helped alleviate this problem, but did not eliminate it. Fuel conversion efficiencies calculated for each dilution level and start of injection provide guidance as to the appropriate combustion phasing and practical levels of charge dilution for this low-temperature diesel combustion regime.
350 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Mahua Oil Ethyl Ester (MOEE) was used as a substitute for diesel in a 4-stroke direct injection natural-aspirated diesel engine.
338 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of cetane number improver on heat release rate and emissions of a high-speed diesel engine fueled with ethanol-diesel blend fuel was investigated.
Abstract: The influence of cetane number improver on heat release rate and emissions of a high-speed diesel engine fueled with ethanol-diesel blend fuel was investigated.Different percentages of cetane number enhancer(0~0_0,0.2~0_0,0.4~0_0) were added to blends,and the engine tests were performed on a high speed diesel engine.The results show that the engine power decreases slightly; the thermal efficiency improves remarkably,and the NO_x and smoke emissions decrease simultaneously when diesel engine is fueled with blends.Besides, the engine power can be recovered,NO_x and smoke emissions are further reduced when cetane number improver is added to blends.By the combustion analysis,it can be found that the ignition delay prolongs;the total combustion duration shortens,and the maximum heat release rate increases for ethanol-diesel blend fuel when compared to diesel fuel; in addition,the combustion characteristics of ethanol-diesel blend fuel at large load may be recovered to diesel fuel by cetane number improver. However a large difference still exists at lower load.
327 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of the mixing ratio of biodiesels on the emission characteristics and engine performance was investigated at various mixing ratios of the biodiesel and engine operation conditions, and physical properties such as kinematic viscosity and cetane number were analyzed to study relations with fuel atomization and combustion characteristics.
Abstract: In this paper we describe the atomization and combustion characteristics of biodiesel fuels in a common-rail diesel engine. To investigate the effect of the mixing ratio of biodiesels on the emission characteristics and engine performance, the experiments were conducted at various mixing ratios of the biodiesel and engine operation conditions. In addition, the physical properties such as kinematic viscosity and cetane number of the biodiesel-blended fuel were analyzed to study relations with the fuel atomization and combustion characteristics. The atomization characteristics of biodiesel-blended fuels were investigated in terms of spray tip penetration, SMD, and mean velocity distributions by using a spray visualization system and phase Doppler particle analyzer. The effect of the mixing ratio on the combustion characteristics was studied on the basis of the results of the combustion pressure obtained from the single-cylinder engine at various experimental conditions. The emission characteristics of HC, N...
324 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, various blends of rubber seed oil and diesel were prepared and its important properties such as viscosity, calorific value, flash point, fire point, etc. were evaluated and compared with that of diesel.
TL;DR: In this paper, a methyl ester biodiesel was produced from a hazelnut soapstock/waste sunflower oil mixture using methanol, sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide in a two stage process.
TL;DR: In this paper, waste frying oil was used as an alternative fuel for diesel engine and the performance and exhaust emissions of a single-cylinder diesel engine was evaluated using diesel, non-edible vegetable oil (without preheating) and waste-frying oil preheated to two different inlet temperatures (75 and 135 °C).
TL;DR: This study examines the effect of castor and Lesquerella oil esters on the lubricity of diesel fuel using the High-Frequency Reciprocating Rig (HFRR) test and compares these results to those for the commercial vegetable oil derivatives soybean and rapeseed methyl esters.
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of a cerium additive on the kinetics of oxidation and size distribution of ultrafine diesel particles was studied using a high-temperature oxidation-tandem differential mobility analysis method over the temperature range 300-700 ◦ C.
TL;DR: In this paper, an experimental study on the performance and exhaust emissions of a turbocharged indirect injection diesel engine fuelled with tobacco seed oil methyl ester was performed at full and partial loads.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of tobacco seed oil methyl ester addition to diesel No. 2 on the performance and emissions of a four cycle, four cylinder turbocharged indirect injection (IDI) diesel engine were examined at both full and partial loads.
Abstract: Vegetable oils and their methyl/ethyl esters are alternative renewable fuels for compression ignition engines. Different kinds of vegetable oils and their methyl/ethyl esters have been tested in diesel engines. However, tobacco seed oil and tobacco seed oil methyl ester have not been tested in diesel engines, yet. Tobacco seed oil is a non-edible vegetable oil and a by-product of tobacco leaves production. To the author's best knowledge, this is the first study on tobacco seed oil methyl ester as a fuel in diesel engines. In this study, potential tobacco seed production throughout the world, the oil extraction process from tobacco seed and the transesterification process for biodiesel production were examined. The produced tobacco seed oil methyl ester was characterized by exposing its major properties. The effects of tobacco seed oil methyl ester addition to diesel No. 2 on the performance and emissions of a four cycle, four cylinder turbocharged indirect injection (IDI) diesel engine were examined at both full and partial loads. Experimental results showed that tobacco seed oil methyl ester can be partially substituted for the diesel fuel at most operating conditions in terms of performance parameters and emissions without any engine modification and preheating of the blends.
TL;DR: In this article, a blend of 20% ethanol/methyl soyate was added to diesel fuel as an oxygenated additive at volume percent levels of 15 and 20% (denoted as BE15 and BE20).
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed chemistry-based CFD model was developed to simulate the diesel spray combustion and emission process, where a reaction mechanism of n-heptane was coupled with a reduced NOx mechanism to simulate diesel fuel oxidation and NOx formation.
Abstract: A detailed chemistry-based CFD model was developed to simulate the diesel spray combustion and emission process. A reaction mechanism of n-heptane is coupled with a reduced NOx mechanism to simulate diesel fuel oxidation and NOx formation. The soot emission process is simulated by a phenomenological soot model that uses a competing formation and oxidation rate formulation. The model is applied to predict the diesel spray lift-off length and its sooting tendency under high temperature and pressure conditions with good agreement with experiments of Sandia. Various nozzle diameters and chamber conditions were investigated. The model successfully predicts that the sooting tendency is reduced as the nozzle diameter is reduced and/or the initial chamber gas temperature is decreased, as observed by the experiments. The model is also applied to simulate diesel engine combustion under PCCI-like conditions. Trends of heat release rate, NOx and soot emissions with respect to EGR levels and start-of-injection timings are also well predicted. Both experiments and models reveal that soot emissions peak when the start of injection occurs close to TDC. The model indicates that low soot emission at early SOI is due to better oxidation while low soot emission at late SOI is due to less formation. Since NOx emissions decrease monotonically with injection retardation, a late injection scheme can be utilized for simultaneous soot and NOx reduction for the engine conditions investigated in this study.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the diesel injection and combustion processes in an effort to better understand the differences in NOx emissions between biodiesel, Fischer−Tropsch (FT) diesel, and their blends with a conventional diesel fuel.
Abstract: This study explores the diesel injection and combustion processes in an effort to better understand the differences in NOx emissions between biodiesel, Fischer−Tropsch (FT) diesel, and their blends with a conventional diesel fuel. Emissions studies were performed with each fuel at a variety of static fuel injection timing conditions in a single-cylinder DI diesel engine with a mechanically controlled, in-line, pump-line-nozzle fuel injection system. The dynamic start of injection (SOI) timing correlated well with bulk modulus measurements made on the fuel blends. The high bulk modulus of soy-derived biodiesel blends produced an advance in SOI timing compared to conventional diesel fuel of up to 1.1 crank angle degrees, and the lower bulk modulus of the FT diesel produced a delay in SOI timing of up to 2.4 crank angle degrees. Compared to conventional diesel fuel at high load, biodiesel fuel blends produced increases in NOx emissions of 6−9% while FT fuels caused NOx emissions to decrease 21−22%. Shifts in...
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of wateroil emulsions on the engine performance and on the main pollutant emissions, NOx, total hydrocarbons (THC), soot, particulate matter (PM) and its composition, was studied.
01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: In this paper, a 1.7-L light-duty diesel engine was used to extract the morphology, internal microstructure, and fractal geometry of particulate matter (PM) from the exhaust stream of the engine.
Abstract: An investigation on the morphology, internal microstructure, and fractal geometry of particulate matter (PM) was conducted for a 1.7-L light-duty diesel engine. The experimental and analytical instruments used in this study include a unique thermophoretic sampling system, a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM), customized digital image processing/data acquisition system, and a Raman scattering spectrometer that have been extensively used at Argonne National Laboratory. During experiments, diesel particulates were directly collected from the exhaust stream. In the morphological observations using TEM, graphitic crystallite structures were found from these light-duty diesel particulates, particularly at high engine loads. In subsequent analysis, Raman spectra revealed details of these graphitic structures quantitatively: the collected diesel PM was quite similar in atomic structures to typical graphite, and the degree of its crystalline structures increased as the engine load increased. In PM size measurements, mean primary particle diameters ( d p ) are in a range of 19.4–32.5 nm and radii of gyration ( R g ) in a range of 77.4–134.1 nm, respectively, across the engine operating conditions of 780–4000 rpm and 0–100% loads. From the fractal analysis, smaller fractal dimensions ( D f ) (1.46–1.70) were measured for the light-duty diesel engine used in this study, compared to those of heavy-duty diesel particulates that ranged in 1.80–1.88. This result implies that more stretched chain-like particles were produced from the light-duty engine under the diffusion-limit formation mechanism. The database on the physical dimension and fractal geometry of light-duty diesel PM obtained from this study offers data for the future standards of diesel PM sizes and development of advanced diesel PM emission control technologies.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the engine performance and the road performance of biodiesel fuel originated from used cooking oil in a Renault Megane automobile and four stroke, four cylinder, F9Q732 code and 75 kW diesel engine in winter conditions for 7500 km road tests in urban and long distance traffic.
TL;DR: Daily and diurnal patterns in diesel truck activity contribute to variability in the ratio of organic carbon to EC in primary source emissions, and this could be a source of bias in assessments of the importance of secondary organic aerosol.
Abstract: Emissions from gasoline and diesel engines vary on time scales including diurnal, weekly, and decadal. Temporal patterns differ for these two engine types that are used predominantly for passenger travel and goods movement, respectively. Rapid growth in diesel fuel use and decreasing NOx emission rates from gasoline engines have led to altered emission profiles. During the 1990s, on-road use of diesel fuel grew 3 times faster than gasoline. Over the same time period, the NOx emission rate from gasoline engines in California was reduced by a factor of ∼2, while the NOx emission rate from diesel engines decreased only slightly. Diesel engines therefore grew in both relative and absolute terms as a source of NOx, accounting for about half of all on-road NOx emissions as of 2000. Diesel truck emissions decrease by 60−80% on weekends. Counterintuitive responses to these emission changes are seen in measured concentrations of ozone. In contrast, elemental carbon (EC) concentrations decrease on weekends as expec...
01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: In this paper, the laminar flamelet equations were extended for a two-feed system with one fuel and one oxidizer stream, which can describe the transfer of heat and mass between two mixture fields in flamelet space.
Abstract: The laminar flamelet equations, which were originally derived for a two-feed system with one fuel and one oxidizer stream, are extended for a three-feed system with two fuel and one oxidizer streams. Both fuel streams are associated with one separate mixture fraction. Using a three-scale asymptotic analysis, two-dimensional flamelet equations are derived, which can describe the transfer of heat and mass between two mixture fields in flamelet space. The representative interactive flamelet model which was previously used successfully for the simulation of Diesel engine combustion cases, is extended to accommodate the two-dimensional flamelet equations and multiple mixture fractions. This new model is applied to a split injection case with a pilot and a main injection representing the two fuel streams. The three-dimensional mixture field in the engine is analyzed using a multi-dimensional β-PDF, and an interaction coefficient is defined to describe the degree of merging of the mixture fields. Depending on the coefficient, different phases of combustion and interaction between the mixture fields resulting from the different injections are identified. Results using the two-dimensional flamelet model are compared to experimental data for a modern direct-injection Diesel engine equipped with a Common-Rail injection system. Possible simplified models are introduced, and their performance is compared to the full model.
TL;DR: In this article, the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of diesel engine NO, by hydrocarbons over alumina-supported silver (Ag/Al2O3) was studied using in situ DRIFTS and DFT calculations.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a systematic development of fault detection and diagnosis methods for two system components of Diesel engines, the intake system and the injection system together with the combustion process.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Mahua oil methyl, ethyl and butyl esters were prepared and studied in a four stroke, direct injection diesel engine for their performance and emissions as mentioned in this paper, and the engine test results showed high thermal efficiency in case of methyl ester compared to all other esters and diesel fuel.
Abstract: Mahua oil methyl, ethyl and butyl esters were prepared and studied in a four stroke, direct injection diesel engine for their performance and emissions. The engine test results showed high thermal efficiency in case of methyl ester compared to all other esters and diesel fuel. Different emissions such as carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NO x ), hydrocarbons (HC) is low for alkyl esters compared to diesel. Among alkyl esters except NO, all tail pipe emissions are lower in case of methyl ester compared to other esters. The ethyl ester shows lower NO x emission compared to other esters. Based on this study mahua oil methyl ester performs well compared to other esters on the basis of performance and emissions.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of fuel inlet temperature on performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine is evaluated using preheated animal fat as fuel, which shows reduced ignition delay and combustion duration.
TL;DR: In this paper, particle measurements were performed in the exhaust of five light-duty vehicles (Euro-3) at +23, −7, and −20°C ambient temperatures.