Showing papers on "Glycidyl methacrylate published in 2007"

Graft Copolymers by a Combination of ATRP and Two Different Consecutive Click Reactions

Abstract: The epoxide ring in glycidyl butyrate (model compound) and in well-defined copolymers of glycidyl methacrylate (<40 mol %) and methyl methacrylate prepared by ATRP was efficiently opened with sodium azide in the presence of ammonium chloride in DMF at 50 °C. This click-type reaction led to the formation of the corresponding 1-hydroxy-2-azido compounds in high yields. The prepared azide-containing copolymers were functionalized in a second click reaction, the room temperature CuBr/N,N,N‘,N‘ ‘,N‘ ‘-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, of poly(ethylene oxide) methyl ether pentynoate to yield loosely grafted polymeric brushes with hydrophilic PEO side chains.

Living radical polymerizations with germanium, tin, and phosphorus catalysts--reversible chain transfer catalyzed polymerizations (RTCPs).

Abstract: A novel class of living radical polymerizations with germanium, tin, and phosphorus catalysts were developed. The polymerizations are based on a new reversible activation mechanism, Reversible chain Transfer (RT) catalysis. Low-polydispersity (M(w)/M(n) approximately 1.1-1.3) polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(glycidyl methacrylate), and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) with predicted molecular weight were obtained with fairly high conversion in a fairly short time. The pseudo-first-order activation rate constant kact for the styrene/GeI4 (catalyst) system was large enough, even with a small amount of GeI4, explaining why the system provides low-polydispersity polymers from an early stage of polymerization. The retardation in the polymerization rate observed for the styrene/GeI4 system was kinetically proven to be mainly due to the cross-termination between the propagating radical with GeI3*. Attractive features of the germanium, tin, and phosphorus catalysts include their high reactivity hence small amounts (1-10 mM) being required under relatively mild conditions (at 60-100 degrees C), high solubility in organic media without ligands, insensitivity to air hence sample preparation being allowed in the air, and minor color and smell. The germanium and phosphorus catalysts may also be attractive for their low toxicity. The phosphorus catalysts may also be attractive for their low cost.

Thermoresponsive hydrogel of poly(glycidyl methacrylate‐co‐N‐isopropylacrylamide) as a nanoreactor of gold nanoparticles

Abstract: The synthesis of a thermoresponsive hydrogel of poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-N-isopropylacrylamide) (PGMA-co-PNIPAM) and its application as a nanoreactor of gold nanoparticles are studied. The thermoresponsive copolymer of PGMA-co-PNIPAM is first synthesized by the copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate and N-isopropylacrylamide using 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile) as an initiator in tetrahydrofuran at 70 °C and then crosslinked with diethylenetriamine to form a thermoresponsive hydrogel. The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the thermoresponsive hydrogel is about 50 °C. The hydrogel exists as 280-nm spheres below the LCST. The diameter of the spherical hydrogel gradually decreases to a minimum constant of 113 nm when the temperature increases to 75 °C. The hydrogel can act as a nanoreactor of gold nanoparticles because of the coordination of nitrogen atoms of the crosslinker with gold ions, on which a hydrogel/gold nanocomposite is synthesized. The LCST of the resultant hydrogel/gold nanocomposite is similar to that of the hydrogel. The size of the resultant gold nanoparticles is about 15 nm. The hydrogel/gold nanocomposite can act as a smart and recyclable catalyst. At a temperature below the LCST, the thermoresponsive nanocomposite is a homogeneous and efficient catalyst, whereas at a temperature above the LCST, it becomes a heterogeneous one, and its catalytic activity greatly decreases. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2812–2819, 2007

Poly(N-vinylcaprolactam-co-glycidyl methacrylate) aqueous microgels labeled with fluorescent LaF3:Eu nanoparticles.

Abstract: We describe the synthesis and properties of functional microgel particles based on poly(N-vinylcaprolactam-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (PVCL/PGMA) copolymer. A series of colloidally stable microgel particles with a range of glycidyl methacrylate content were prepared by surfactant-free heterophase polymerization in water. The microgel particles obtained had hydrodynamic radii between 250 and 350 nm and were fairly monodisperse in size; however, a broadening of the particle size distribution was observed for samples with a low GMA content. The PVCL/PGMA microgel particles exhibit thermally responsive reversible changes in diameter in water, and the swelling degree increased with the PVCL fraction in the copolymer structure. These microgels were then modified with photoluminescent europium-doped lanthanum fluoride nanoparticles (LaF3:Eu-AEP) through reaction of the 2-aminoethyl phosphate surface ligands with epoxy groups present in the microgel. These hybrid microgels were colloidally stable and thermally res...

Syntheses of amine-type adsorbents with emulsion graft polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate

Abstract: Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) which was precursor monomer for the synthesis of metal ion adsorbent was emulsified by surfactant of Tween 20 (Tw-20). The emulsion of 5% GMA in the water was stable for 48 h at Tw-20 concentration of 0.5%. Graft polymerization of GMA on polyethylene fiber was carried out in the emulsion state at various pre-irradiation doses. Degree of grafting (Dg) reached 103%, 301% and 348% for 1 h grafting at 40 °C with pre-irradiation of 10, 30 and 40 kGy, respectively. But the Dg was depressed when the pre-irradiation dose was over 50 kGy since cross-linking occurred simultaneously in the trunk polymer. Dg decreased with increment of Tw-20 concentration in emulsion of 5% GMA at pre-irradiation of 40 kGy. The three kinds of amine-type adsorbents were synthesized by reacting diethylenetriamine (DETA), triethylenetetramine (TETA) and ethylenediamine (EDA) with GMA-grafted polyethylene fiber. The synthesized EDA-type adsorbent had the highest selectivity against U ion and the distribution coefficient was 2.0 × 10 6 .

Radiation-induced graft polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate onto PE/PP nonwoven fabric and its modification toward enhanced amidoximation

Abstract: A nonwoven fabric made of polypropylene coated by polyethylene was used as the trunk polymer in the preparation of a highly efficient new adsorbent. Metal ion uptakecapacityhasbeenaimedtobeincreasedbyintroducing double amidoxime groups per repeating unit of the chains grafted to trunk polymer. The base polymer was irradiated by electron beams with a dose of 200 kGy under N2 atmosphere and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) was grafted onto irradiated nonwoven fabric. Grafting conditions were optimized, and GMA-graftedpolymerwas modified with 3,3 0 -iminodipropio- nitrile in ethanol at 808C. GMA grafting (150%) was deter- mined to be the optimum degree given that higher extent of grafting rendered the materials brittle. Pendant nitrile groups were then amidoximated by using 6% hydroxylamine in methanol-water mixture (1 : 1). The all-polymeric structures were characterized by using FTIR, SEM, and thermal analysis methods, confirming the grafting, modification, and amid- oximation stages gravimetrically, spectroscopically, and visu- ally. 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 105: 1551-1558, 2007

Effect of glycidyl methacrylate on the physical properties of wood–polymer composites

Abstract: Chemical modification of pinewood was carried out by impregnating the wood with styrene as the impregnating monomer and in combination with a crosslinking monomer glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). Polymerization was carried out by catalyst heat treatment. Dimensional stability in terms of antiswell efficiency was determined and improved on treatment with polymer. Water uptake percentage was also improved for styrene-GMA treated wood samples over styrene treated or untreated wood samples. Mechanical properties such as bending strength measured in terms of modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture of polymer-treated samples showed an improvement over untreated ones. Treatment also resulted an improvement in compressive strengths. Thermal properties of the wood samples were evaluated by thermogravimetric analyzer and differential scanning calorimeter. Biodegradability of the treated and untreated wood samples was determined and improvement was obtained on treatment. As a whole, styrene-GMA treated wood samples showed more improvement over untreated or styrene-treated samples. POLYM. COMPOS., 28:1–5, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers

A humidity sensor based on interpenetrating polymer network prepared from poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) and poly(glycidyl methacrylate)

Abstract: Humidity sensitive polymeric thin films with an interpenetrating network (IPN) structure were prepared by cross-linking reactions of poly(dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) and poly(glycidyl methacrylate) with 1,4-dibromobutane (DBB) and diethyltriamine (DETA) as cross-linking agents, respectively. The humidity sensors so prepared showed a high sensitivity over a wide range of relative humidity (RH) (20–97%RH) and a small hysteresis (∼2%RH). The response time for adsorption and desorption process between 22 and 84%RH was 4 and 20 s, respectively, indicating a fast response. The effects of the concentration of polymers, molar ratio of cross-linking agents and polymers and aging time of the precursor solution for dip-coating on their humidity sensitive properties were investigated.

Synthesis of functional photopolymerized macroporous polyHIPEs by atom transfer radical polymerization surface grafting

Abstract: A versatile platform to obtain highly functional macroporous materials was developed. A polymerizable initiator for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) has been incorporated into a high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) without compromising the emulsion stability. Photopolymerization of this formulation led to polyHIPE with ATRP initiator groups on the surface available for polymer grafting reactions. The latter was first demonstrated by grafting of methylmethacrylate (MMA). Analysis by IR confirms the presence of PMMA in the polyHIPE. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy images show changes in the surface morphology of the polyHIPE after the grafting reaction. In accordance with the controlled character of ATRP, reinitiation from the PMMA-grafted polyHIPE with HEMA to afford block copolymers was possible. Moreover, functionalized polyHIPE was obtained by the grafting of glycidyl methacrylate. IR and SEM analysis confirm that this resulted in a smooth and homogeneous coverage of the polyHIPE surface with a high density of reactive epoxy groups. In a subsequent reaction these materials were rendered hydrophilic by ring opening of the epoxy rings and hydrophobic by subsequent reaction with pentafluorobenzoylchloride.

Magnetic polymer microspheres with polymer brushes and the immobilization of protein on the brushes

Abstract: Precursor particles, monodisperse magnetic microspheres with diameter of 052 µm, were produced by deposition of Fe3O4 nanoparticles within crosslinked poly(acrylic acid) microspheres prepared by distillation–precipitation copolymerization Subsequently, magnetic microspheres with atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiators were prepared by coupling the amino group of ethanolamine with the carboxyl group on the precursor particles followed by esterification of the hydroxyl group on the microspheres with 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide tert-Butyl acrylate, glycidyl methacrylate and styrene were initiated by the microsphere initiators to form polymer brushes on the particles The polymer brushes formed in both the surface layer and the interior, while the density and chain length of the polymer brushes showed a positive gradient distribution from the interior to the surface layer Diblock copolymer brushes were also prepared using homopolymer-grafted magnetic microspheres as initiators Poly(acrylic acid)-grafted magnetic microspheres were prepared by treating poly(tert-butyl acrylate)-grafted magnetic microspheres with trifluoroacetic acid A mixture of glycidyl methacrylate and glycerol monomethacrylate was initiated by the microsphere initiators The resulting magnetic microspheres possess poly(glycidyl methacrylate) units, which act as functional groups, and poly(glycerol monomethacrylate) units, which are hydrophilic and make the microspheres dispersible in aqueous solution Bovine serum albumin as a model protein was immobilized onto the random copolymer-grafted magnetic microspheres

Highly efficient and well‐controlled ambient temperature RAFT polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate under visible light radiation

Abstract: A range of well-defined poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) polymers and their corresponding block copolymers were synthesized via 2-cyanoprop-2-yl(4-fluoro) dithiobenzoate or CPFDB-mediated ambient temperature reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer radical polymerization or RAFT polymerization under environmentally friendly visible light radiation (λ = 405–577 nm), using a (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) diphenylphosphine oxide photoinitiator. As comparison, CPFDB-mediated ambient temperature RAFT polymerizations of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) under both full-wave radiation (λ = 254–577 nm) and long-wave radiation (λ = 365–577 nm) were also studied in this article. The results indicated that CPFDB moieties were significantly photolyzed under either full-wave radiation or long-wave radiation, thus undermining the controlled behavior of these RAFT processes. Whereas this photolysis was significantly suppressed under visible light radiation, thus CPFDB functionalities exerted well control over RAFT process, leading to a remarkably living behavior up to 90% GMA monomer conversions. This strategy facilitates the facile synthesis of well-defined PGMA polymers. More importantly, under visible light radiation, a relatively high initial molar ratio of GMA to CPFDB and TPO led to shortening initialization period of RAFT process and accelerating overall polymerization rate. These effects are remarkably in favor of the facile synthesis of well-defined PGMA polymers and PGMA-based copolymers with high molecular weights. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 5091–5102, 2007

Effect of Chain Length of Aliphatic Amines Immobilized on a Magnetic Glycidyl Methacrylate Resin towards the Uptake Behavior of Hg(II) from Aqueous Solutions

Abstract: Magnetic resin particles with magnetite (Fe3O4) core and glycidyl methacrylate/divinylbenzene resin shell were prepared. The core‐shell particles obtained were immobilized with ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, or tetraethylenepentamine to give resins with names, R‐1, R‐2 and R‐3, respectively. These resins showed good magnetic properties and could be easily retrieved from their suspensions using an external magnetic field. The uptake values of resins towards Hg(II) were found to be 2.1, 3.2, and 4.8 mmol/g for resins R‐1, R‐2, and R‐3, respectively. The effect of chain length as well as the content of amine sites on the uptake behavior was studied at different temperatures. The values of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the uptake process were reported. These values reflected the effective role of amine type and chain length on both the rate of uptake and the maximum capacity of the resins. Moreover, the column studies showed that the longer the amine chain was the shorter was the crit...

Atmospheric plasma-aided biocidal finishes for nonwoven polypropylene fabrics. I. Synthesis and characterization

Abstract: Novel biocidal fabrics were synthesized by the graft copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto plasma-treated nonwoven polypropylene (PP) to produce PP/GMA grafts. Atmospheric oxygenated helium plasma was used to enhance the PP fabrics' initiation before GMA grafting. The grafted PP/GMA epoxide group was reacted with β-cyclodextrin, monochlorotrizynyl-β-cyclodextrins, or a quaternary ammonium chitosan derivative [N-(2 hydroxy propyl) 3-trimethylammonium chitosan chloride]. Some interesting biocidal agents were complexed into the cyclodextrin (CD) cavity of PP/GMA/CD grafted fabrics. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and optical and scanning electron microscopies were used to characterize the grafted complexed fabrics. These synthesized biocidal fabrics proved to be antistatic, antimicrobial, and insect-repelling (see part II of this study). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1900–1910, 2007

Role of reactive compatibilization in preparation of nanosilica/polypropylene composites

Abstract: The effect of reactive compatibilization on the mechanical properties of nanosilica filled polypropylene (PP) composites was studied in this work. First, the nanoparticles were grafted with poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) by solution free-radical polymerization, and then melt blended together with PP matrix and aminated PP (PP-g-NH2) that acts as reactive compatibilizer. The reaction between epoxide groups of the grafted PGMA on the nanoparticles and amine groups of PP-g-NH2 during compounding greatly improved interfacial interaction in the composites. As a result, tensile strength, Young's modulus, and notch impact strength of PP composites were increased at rather low filler content. The experimental results indicated that the reinforcing and toughening effects were controlled by flexibility of the grafted polymer as well as processing methods. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:499–509, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers.

Reactive block copolymer vesicles with an epoxy wall.

Abstract: Recently, block copolymer vesicles have attracted considerable attention because of their properties in encapsulation and release To explore their applications in biorelated fields, functionalization of the polymer vesicle is necessary Herein, a reactive unilamellar vesicle is reported by self-assembly of poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(glycidyl methacrylate) copolymer (PEO-b-PGMA) in solution When water was added into the PEO-b-PGMA solution in THF, unilamellar vesicles were produced If hydrophobic primary amine additives, such as hexamethylenediamine (HDA) and dodecylamine (DA), were introduced during block copolymer assembling, the vesicular morphology remained unchanged; instead, the amines reacted with the epoxys and the vesicles were fixed by cross-linking Furthermore, when 3-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (APS) was applied, the organic/inorganic hybrid vesicles were obtained, which were stable against the solvent change Therefore, this research not only supplies a new way to fix the vesicular morphology but also a reactive vesicle scaffold for introducing functional species

Preparation of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) grafted sulfonamide based polystyrene resin with tertiary amine for the removal of dye from water

Abstract: Poly(glycidyl methacrylate) was grafted onto crosslinked poly(styrene) beads through the 2-chloroethyl sulphonamide (CSA) groups present in the resin using ATRP polymerization method. A beaded polymer with a poly(glycidyl methacrylate) surface shell was prepared in three steps, starting from poly(styrene-DVB) (10% crosslinking) based beads with a particle size of 420–590 μm, according to the synthetic protocol; chlorosulfonation, sulfamidation with 2-chloroethylamine hydrochloride and grafting reaction of poly(glycidyl methacrylate). The polymeric resin was prepared with 147.8% of grafted glycidyl methacrylate and subsequent modified with diethyl amine to introduce tertiary amine groups. This resin has also been demonstrated to be an efficient dye sorbent, able to remove dye from water even at ppm levels. The dye sorption capacity under non-buffered conditions is around 0.90 g dye/g resin.