Learn the basic properties and designs of modern VLSI devices, as well as the factors affecting performance, with this thoroughly updated second edition. The first edition has been widely adopted as a standard textbook in microelectronics in many major US universities and worldwide. The internationally-renowned authors highlight the intricate interdependencies and subtle tradeoffs between various practically important device parameters, and also provide an in-depth discussion of device scaling and scaling limits of CMOS and bipolar devices. Equations and parameters provided are checked continuously against the reality of silicon data, making the book equally useful in practical transistor design and in the classroom. Every chapter has been updated to include the latest developments, such as MOSFET scale length theory, high-field transport model, and SiGe-base bipolar devices.

/pdf/fundamentals-of-modern-vlsi-devices-471xd7l9pf.pdf

Fundamentals of Modern VLSI Devices

This document provides updates to IEEE Std 802.16's MIB for the MAC, PHY and asso- ciated management procedures in order to accommodate recent extensions to the standard.

IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks Part 16: Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems Draft Amendment: Management Information Base Extensions

Massive multiple-input multiple-output MIMO is one of themost promising technologies for the next generation of wirelesscommunication networks because it has the potential to providegame-changing improvements in spectral efficiency SE and energyefficiency EE. This monograph summarizes many years ofresearch insights in a clear and self-contained way and providesthe reader with the necessary knowledge and mathematical toolsto carry out independent research in this area. Starting froma rigorous definition of Massive MIMO, the monograph coversthe important aspects of channel estimation, SE, EE, hardwareefficiency HE, and various practical deployment considerations.From the beginning, a very general, yet tractable, canonical systemmodel with spatial channel correlation is introduced. This modelis used to realistically assess the SE and EE, and is later extendedto also include the impact of hardware impairments. Owing tothis rigorous modeling approach, a lot of classic "wisdom" aboutMassive MIMO, based on too simplistic system models, is shownto be questionable.

https://www.nowpublishers.com/article/DownloadSummary/SIG-093

Massive MIMO Networks: Spectral, Energy, and Hardware Efficiency

Diffraction characteristics of general dielectric planar (slab) gratings and surface-relief (corrugated) gratings are reviewed. Applications to laser-beam deflection, guidance, modulation, coupling, filtering, wavefront reconstruction, and distributed feedback in the fields of acoustooptics, integrated optics, holography, and spectral analysis are discussed. An exact formulation of the grating diffraction problem without approximations (rigorous coupled-wave theory developed by the authors) is presented. The method of solution is in terms of state variables and this is presented in detail. Then, using a series of fundamental assumptions, this rigorous theory is shown to reduce to the various existing approximate theories in the appropriate limits. The effects of these fundamental assumptions in the approximate theories are quantified and discussed.

Analysis and applications of optical diffraction by gratings

This tutorial presents an overview of the technological advances in millimeter-wave (mm-wave) circuit components, antennas, and propagation that will soon allow 60-GHz transceivers to provide multigigabit per second (multi-Gb/s) wireless communication data transfers in the consumer marketplace. Our goal is to help engineers understand the convergence of communications, circuits, and antennas, as the emerging world of subterahertz and terahertz wireless communications will require understanding at the intersections of these areas. This paper covers trends and recent accomplishments in a wide range of circuits and systems topics that must be understood to create massively broadband wireless communication systems of the future. In this paper, we present some evolving applications of massively broadband wireless communications, and use tables and graphs to show research progress from the literature on various radio system components, including on-chip and in-package antennas, radio-frequency (RF) power amplifiers (PAs), low-noise amplifiers (LNAs), voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs), mixers, and analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). We focus primarily on silicon-based technologies, as these provide the best means of implementing very low-cost, highly integrated 60-GHz mm-wave circuits. In addition, the paper illuminates characterization techniques that are required to competently design and fabricate mm-wave devices in silicon, and illustrates effects of the 60-GHz RF propagation channel for both in-building and outdoor use. The paper concludes with an overview of the standardization and commercialization efforts for 60-GHz multi-Gb/s devices, and presents a novel way to compare the data rate versus power efficiency for future broadband devices.

http://faculty.poly.edu/~tsr/wp-content/uploads/publications/abstract17.pdf

State of the Art in 60-GHz Integrated Circuits and Systems for Wireless Communications

We have investigated the efficiency and distortion behavior of an envelope tracking (ET) power amplifier (PA) according to the idle current. A two-stage PA is implemented using an InGaP/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor process and only the collector bias voltage of the power stage of the PA is modulated by a supply modulator. The gain of the power stage is decreased due to the saturated operation in the ET mode and the power burden of the drive stage is increased, lowering the overall efficiency of the ET PA. Through the idle current optimization of the power stage of the ET PA, the burden of the drive stage is reduced and the overall efficiency of the ET PA is enhanced. The intermodulation distortions (IMDs) of the ET PA change according to the idle current. The optimum linearity performance is achieved at the idle current where the magnitudes of IMD3 and IMD5 of the ET PA are low with a similar value. It is found that the optimal idle current for the high efficiency and linearity are identical. The optimized ET PA performs a power-added efficiency of 44.3% and an evolved universal terrestrial radio access adjacent channel leakage ratio of −35.2 dBc at an average power of 27 dBm and operating frequency of 1.85 GHz for a long term evolution signal having a peak-to-average power ratio of 7.5 dB, a bandwidth of 10 MHz, and a 16-quadrature amplitude modulation.

Optimization of idle current in envelope tracking power amplifier for efficiency and linearity

In this work, a fully-integrated linear CMOS power amplifier (PA) is implemented in a 0.18-μm 1P6M RF CMOS process for 2.3-GHz and 2.6-GHz m-WiMAX system application. A wideband twisted figure-8-shaped transformer is utilized as both the power combining and matching, which is operated across 1 GHz bandwidth. The PA operates at Class AB mode and can deliver 29.1 dBm with a 26.5% PAE at 1-dB compression point and offer 22 dB gain. EVM is lower than 5% at 19 dBm average power under the 16 QAM m-WiMAX modulation signal test. Digital feedback pre-distortion (DFDPD) technique is employed to improve spectrum linearity by 7 dB at 19 dBm average power level.

A wideband linear CMOS power amplifier design for 2.3-GHz and 2.6-GHz m-WiMAX system

A new monolithic PA for 836 MHz CDMA cellular phone is developed using a simple diode based load modulator at the output matching circuit. The modulation network allows power level dependent load impedances for better power-added efficiencies. Especially, the PAE at the lower output power range, less than 10 dBm where most of handset operation arises, is increased more than 80%.

CDMA handset power amplifier with diode load modulator

This paper presents a supply modulator for envelope-tracking (ET) operation of a dual-mode power amplifier (PA) for handset application. For stable operation of the supply modulator with different loads in the two power-modes, the buffer size is adjusted with the mode change. The power transistor size of switcher is also adjusted to increase the efficiency of the supply modulator for the each power-mode. The inductance in the switching amplifier is increased to avoid the distortion and to increase the efficiency in the low power-mode. An envelope shaping method of the sweet spot tracking is employed for ET operation of the dual-mode PA. For a 10-MHz long term evolution signal having a peak-to-average power ratio of 6.44 dB, the ET PA delivers a power-added efficiency (PAE) of 38.2%, an evolved universal terrestrial radio access adjacent channel leakage ratio of -35.6 dBc, and an error vector magnitude of 3.53% at an average output power of 27 dBm and an operating frequency of 1.71-GHz. For the low power-mode, the ET PA also delivers a PAE of 30% at an average output power of 17 dBm.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel7/6679726/6686544/06686907.pdf

Supply modulator for envelope-tracking operation of dual-mode handset power amplifier

This paper presents a low/high-mode power amplifier (PA) for long term evolution (LTE) applications that improves the efficiency in low-power regions. This PA operates in two modes through path control by a shunt switched-capacitor. We use an LTE signal at 1.71 GHz with 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 6.44-dB peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), and a 10-MHz bandwidth (BW). The dual-path PA with a boosted supply modulator for the envelope-tracking (ET) operation exhibits a power-added efficiency (PAE) of 39.9% and an adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) E-UTRA of −35.7 dBc at an average output power of 27 dBm. The dual-path PA also delivers a PAE of 30.3%, and ACLR E-UTRA of −32.8 dBc at an average output power of 15.5 dBm.

Bumman Kim

Papers

Optimization of idle current in envelope tracking power amplifier for efficiency and linearity

A wideband linear CMOS power amplifier design for 2.3-GHz and 2.6-GHz m-WiMAX system

CDMA handset power amplifier with diode load modulator

Supply modulator for envelope-tracking operation of dual-mode handset power amplifier

A low/high-mode power amplifier with envelope-tracking operation