다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

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APPENDIX 1......e121

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It is important that the medical profession play a significant role in critically evaluating the use of diagnostic procedures and therapies as they are introduced in the detection, management,

/pdf/acc-aha-2006-guidelines-for-the-management-of-patients-with-27qfh9fc7i.pdf

ACC/AHA 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease

Interleukin-10 (IL-10), first recognized for its ability to inhibit activation and effector function of T cells, monocytes, and macrophages, is a multifunctional cytokine with diverse effects on most hemopoietic cell types. The principal routine function of IL-10 appears to be to limit and ultimately terminate inflammatory responses. In addition to these activities, IL-10 regulates growth and/or differentiation of B cells, NK cells, cytotoxic and helper T cells, mast cells, granulocytes, dendritic cells, keratinocytes, and endothelial cells. IL-10 plays a key role in differentiation and function of a newly appreciated type of T cell, the T regulatory cell, which may figure prominently in control of immune responses and tolerance in vivo. Uniquely among hemopoietic cytokines, IL-10 has closely related homologs in several virus genomes, which testify to its crucial role in regulating immune and inflammatory responses. This review highlights findings that have advanced our understanding of IL-10 and its receptor, as well as its in vivo function in health and disease.

Interleukin-10 and the interleukin-10 receptor.

Prospective Cohort Study

Expert Panel Report 2: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is associated with a range of autoimmune and lymphoproliferative syndromes (reviewed in Giller & Grosse 1989, Klein 1994, Khanna et al. 1995). EBV is known to trigger production of autoreactive antibodies against a variety of cellular tissues (reviewed in Vaughan 1995), but the mechanisms by which EBV infection results in autoimmune disorders are not well known. Postulated mechanisms include stimulation of antigen production by tissues damaged by EBV, or a direct response to viral proteins sharing some antigenic determinants with normal cellular proteins (Giller & Grosse 1989, Vaughan 1995). EBV genomic sequences have been demonstrated in T-cell tumors (Jones et al. 1988, Chen et al. 1993), suggesting that EBV infection of T lymphocytes occurs in vivo. More recent data also suggest a significant role for EBV-infected T lymphocytes in both acute infectious mononucleosis (AIM) (Anagnostopoulos et al. 1995) as well as in the hemophagocytic syndrome (Su et al. 1994). The EBV/C3d receptor is present on human thymocytes, peripheral T lymphocytes, and T-lym-

Epstein-Barr virus infection of T cells : Implications for altered T-lymphocyte activation, repertoire development and autoimmunity

A mother and her identical twin daughters were found to have pernicious anaemia and achlorhydria. The twins lacked detectable serum IgA and had low to absent serum IgG. Both girls also demonstrated a marked impairment of antibody response to a variety of antigens. Evidence for lymphocyte sensitization to intrinsic factor was demonstrated in these patients by the increased incorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA and by the production of migration inhibition factor.

Pernicous anaemia, hypogammaglobulinaemia, and altered lymphocyte reactivity. A family study.

Background Ligation of the leukotriene B 4 (LTB 4 ) receptor 1 on effector memory CD8 + T cells by LTB 4 is important for the recruitment of CD8 + T cells into the airways, which appears central to the induction of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and allergic inflammation. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is important in activation and cytokine production from many cell types. Objective The roles of ERKs in effector CD8 + T-cell function and on CD8 + T cell–mediated AHR were determined. Methods Effector CD8 + T cells were generated from OVA 257-264 (SIINFEKL) peptide-primed mononuclear cells from OT-1 mice. The effects of U0126, an ERK inhibitor, on effector CD8 + T-cell function and on CD8 + T cell–mediated AHR and allergic inflammation were examined. Results Pretreatment of effector CD8 + T cells with U0126 suppressed anti-CD3/anti-CD28–induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and cytokine production, but did not affect LTB 4 -induced Ca 2+ mobilization or chemotaxis. Adoptive transfer of U0126-treated CD8 + T cells into sensitized mice before secondary allergen challenge resulted in significant decreases in AHR, eosinophilic inflammation, goblet cell metaplasia, and IL-5 and IL-13 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of recipient mice. The number of transferred CD8 + T cells accumulating in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or lungs was unaffected by treatment. Conclusion ERK1/2–dependent pathways are essential for the effector functions of CD8 + T cells, including T H 2 cytokine production, allergic inflammation, and development of AHR. Inhibition of ERK1/2 signaling has potential therapeutic benefit in preventing CD8 + T cell–mediated AHR.

https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(08)01933-7/pdf

Mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2-dependent pathways are essential for CD8+ T cell-mediated airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation.

The regulatory role of interleukin 2-responsive T lymphocytes on human marrow granulopoiesis

Allergic rhinitis is the most prevalent chronic allergic disease in children. Although it is not life-threatening, it can have a significantly detrimental effect on a child's quality of life, and it may exacerbate a number of common comorbidities, including asthma and sinusitis. The Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma guidelines, an evidence-based algorithm for the treatment of allergic rhinitis, advocate the use of antihistamines for the treatment of the broad spectrum of the disease. However, first-generation antihistamines are associated with a number of adverse events, including central nervous system impairment and anticholinergic and cardiovascular effects. Moreover, these agents have not been rigorously tested in the pediatric population. Nevertheless, first-generation antihistamines remain the most frequently prescribed agents in this class of drugs. This is despite the fact that the second-generation antihistamines are largely free of the undesirable side effects associated with their predecessors and the fact that they have been shown to be effective in relieving allergic rhinitis symptoms in children in a number of large-scale clinical trials. Therefore, when selecting an antihistamine for a child, it would be prudent to consider the full range of antihistamines and to base the selection of a particular drug on its efficacy, onset and duration of action, and safety profile.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/014556130508400314

Erwin W. Gelfand

Papers

Epstein-Barr virus infection of T cells : Implications for altered T-lymphocyte activation, repertoire development and autoimmunity

Pernicous anaemia, hypogammaglobulinaemia, and altered lymphocyte reactivity. A family study.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2-dependent pathways are essential for CD8+ T cell-mediated airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation.

The regulatory role of interleukin 2-responsive T lymphocytes on human marrow granulopoiesis

Pediatric allergic rhinitis: Factors affecting treatment choice