Showing papers by "Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban published in 2020"

A Comprehensive Review on Renewable Energy Development, Challenges, and Policies of Leading Indian States With an International Perspective

Abstract: Clean and environment-friendly energy harvesting are of prime interest today as it is one of the key enablers in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as well as accelerates social progress and enhances living standards. India, the second-most populous nation with a population of 1.353 billion, is one of the largest consumers of fossil fuels in the world which is responsible for global warming. An ever-increasing population is projected until 2050, and consequently, the energy demand in the upcoming decades will be co-accelerated by the rapid industrial growth. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) with the support of National Institution for Transforming India (NITI) Aayog is working to achieve the Indian Government's target of attaining 175 GW through renewable energy resources. Many Indian states are currently increasing their renewable energy capacity in an objective to meet future energy demand. The review paper discusses in-depth about the three Indian states, namely Karnataka, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, which pioneers the renewable energy production in India. The global energy scenario was discussed in detail with Indian contrast. Further, the barriers to the development of renewable energy generation and policies of the Indian government are discussed in detail to promote renewable energy generation throughout India as well as globally since the challenges are similar for other nations. This study analyzed various prospects of the country in renewable energy which has been done in a purpose to help the scholars, researchers, and policymakers of the nation, as it gives an insight into the present renewable energy scenario of the country.

An Experimental Estimation of Hybrid ANFIS–PSO-Based MPPT for PV Grid Integration Under Fluctuating Sun Irradiance

Abstract: To enhance the photovoltaic (PV) power-generation conversion, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is the foremost constituent. This article introduces an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system–particle swarm optimization (ANFIS–PSO)-based hybrid MPPT method to acquire rapid and maximal PV power with zero oscillation tracking. The inverter control strategy is implemented by a space vector modulation hysteresis current controller to get quality inverter current by tracking accurate reference sine-shaped current. The ANFIS–PSO-based MPPT method has no extra sensor requirement for measurement of irradiance and temperature variables. The employed methodology delivers remarkable driving control to enhance PV potential extraction. An ANFIS–PSO-controlled Zeta converter is also modeled as an impedance matching interface with zero output harmonic agreement and kept between PV modules and load regulator power circuit to perform MPPT action. The attainment of recommended hybrid ANFIS–PSO design is equated with perturb and observe, PSO, ant colony optimization, and artificial bee colony MPPT methods for the PV system. The practical validation of the proposed grid-integrated PV system is done through MATLAB interfaced dSPACE interface and the obtained responses accurately justify the proper design of control algorithms employed with superior performance.

Investigation of MPPT Techniques Under Uniform and Non-Uniform Solar Irradiation Condition–A Retrospection

Abstract: A significant growth in solar photovoltaic (PV) installation has observed during the last decade in standalone and grid-connected power generation systems. The solar PV system has a non-linear output characteristic because of weather intermittency, which tends to have a substantial effect on overall PV system output. Hence, to optimize the output of a PV system, different maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques have been used. But, the confusion lies while selecting an appropriate MPPT, as every method has its own merits and demerits. Therefore, a proper review of these techniques is essential. A “ Google Scholar ” survey of the last five years (2015-2020) was conducted. It has found that overall seventy-one review articles are published on different MPPT techniques; out of those seventy-one, only four are on uniform solar irradiance, seven on non-uniform and none on hybrid optimization MPPT techniques. Most of them have discussed the limited number of MPPT techniques, and none of them has discussed the online and offline under uniform and hybrid MPPT techniques under non-uniform solar irradiance conditions all together in one. Unfortunately, very few attempts have made in this regard. Therefore, a comprehensive review paper on this topic is need of time, in which almost all the well-known MPPT techniques should be encapsulated in one paper. This article focuses on classifications of online, offline, and hybrid optimization MPPT algorithms, under the uniform and non-uniform irradiance conditions. It summarizes various MPPT methods along with their mathematical expression, operating principle, and block diagram/flow charts. This research will provide a valuable pathway to researchers, energy engineers, and strategists for future research and implementation in the field of maximum power point tracking optimization.

Comprehensive Review on Detection and Classification of Power Quality Disturbances in Utility Grid With Renewable Energy Penetration

Abstract: The global concern with power quality is increasing due to the penetration of renewable energy (RE) sources to cater the energy demands and meet de-carbonization targets. Power quality (PQ) disturbances are found to be more predominant with RE penetration due to the variable outputs and interfacing converters. There is a need to recognize and mitigate PQ disturbances to supply clean power to the consumer. This article presents a critical review of techniques used for detection and classification PQ disturbances in the utility grid with renewable energy penetration. The broad perspective of this review paper is to provide various concepts utilized for extraction of the features to detect and classify the PQ disturbances even in the noisy environment. More than 220 research publications have been critically reviewed, classified and listed for quick reference of the engineers, scientists and academicians working in the power quality area.

Survey of DC-DC Non-Isolated Topologies for Unidirectional Power Flow in Fuel Cell Vehicles

Abstract: The automobile companies are focusing on recent technologies such as growing Hydrogen (H2) and Fuel Cell (FC) Vehicular Power Train (VPT) to improve the Tank-To-Wheel (TTW) efficiency. Benefits, the lower cost, ‘Eco’ friendly, zero-emission and high-power capacity, etc. In the power train of fuel cell vehicles, the DC-DC power converters play a vital role to boost the fuel cell stack voltage. Hence, satisfy the demand of the motor and transmission in the vehicles. Several DC-DC converter topologies have proposed for various vehicular applications like fuel cell, battery, and renewable energy fed hybrid vehicles etc. Most cases, the DC-DC power converters are viable and cost-effective solutions for FC-VPT with reduced size and increased efficiency. This article describes the state-of-the-art in unidirectional non-isolated DC-DC Multistage Power Converter (MPC) topologies for FC-VPT application. The paper presented the comprehensive review, comparison of different topologies and stated the suitability for different vehicular applications. This article also discusses the DC-DC MPC applications more specific to the power train of a small vehicle to large vehicles (bus, trucks etc.). Further, the advantages and disadvantages pointed out with the prominent features for converters. Finally, the classification of the DC-DC converters, its challenges, and applications for FC technology is presented in the review article as state-of-the-art in research.

Comprehensive Review of Distributed FACTS Control Algorithms for Power Quality Enhancement in Utility Grid With Renewable Energy Penetration

Abstract: Rapid industrialization and its automation on the globe demands increased generation of electrical energy with more reliability and quality. Renewable energy (RE) sources are considered as a green form of energy and extensively used as an alternative source of energy for conventional energy sources to meet the increased demand for electrical power. However, these sources, when integrated to the utility grid, pose challenges in maintaining the power quality (PQ) and stability of the power system network. This is due to the unpredictable and variable nature of generation by these sources. The distributed flexible AC transmission system (DFACTS) devices such as distributed static compensator (DSTATCOM) and dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) play an active role in mitigating PQ issues associated with RE penetration. The performance of DFACTS devices is mostly dependent on the type of control algorithms employed for switching of these devices. This paper presents a comprehensive review of various conventional and adaptive algorithms used to control DFACTS devices for improvement of power quality in utility grids with RE penetration. This review intends to provide a summary of the design, experimental hardware, performance and feasibility aspects of these algorithms reported in the literature. More than 170 research publications are critically reviewed, classified, and listed for quick reference for the advantage of engineers and academician working in this area.

Non-Isolated High-Gain Triple Port DC–DC Buck-Boost Converter With Positive Output Voltage for Photovoltaic Applications

Abstract: The solar PV based power generation systems are growing faster due to the depletion of fossil fuels and environmental concerns Combining PV panels and energy buffers such as battery through multi-port converter is one of the viable solutions to deal with the intermittency of PV power The goal of this paper is to design and analyze the proposed triple port DC-DC buck-boost converter for high step-up/step-down applications It has two unidirectional ports (port-1 and port-3) and one bi-directional port (port-2) for harnessing photovoltaic energy and charging the battery At port-1, the combined structure of buck and buck-boost converter is used with a particular arrangement of switches and inductors The step-up/step-down voltage conversion ratio is higher than the conventional buck-boost converter, and the polarity of the output voltage is maintained positive The battery is added at the bi-directional port, for the storage of energy through the bi-directional boost converter The switches operate synchronously for most of the modes making the control strategy simple The characteristics and modes of operation along with a switching strategy, are elaborated Experimental results are presented which validate the agreement with the developed theoretical expectation

Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR): A Comprehensive Review of Topologies, Power Converters, Control Methods, and Modified Configurations

Abstract: Power quality is a pressing concern and of the utmost importance for advanced and high-tech equipment in particular, whose performance relies heavily on the supply’s quality. Power quality issues like voltage sags/swells, harmonics, interruptions, etc. are defined as any deviations in current, voltage, or frequency that result in end-use equipment damage or failure. Sensitive loads like medical equipment in hospitals and health clinics, schools, prisons, etc. malfunction for the outages and interruptions, thereby causing substantial economic losses. For enhancing power quality, custom power devices (CPDs) are recommended, among which the Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) is considered as the best and cost-effective solution. DVR is a power electronic-based solution to mitigate and compensate voltage sags. This paper provides a thorough discussion and comprehensive review of DVR topologies based on operations, power converters, control methods, and applications. The review compares the state-of-the-art in works of literature, and comparative study on power quality issues, the DVR principle along with its operation modes, the DVR components, the DVR topologies based on energy storage, the DVR topologies based on single-/three-phase power converters, and the DVR topologies based on control units that have different control processing stages. Furthermore, modified and improved configurations of the DVR, as well as its integration with distributed generations, are described. This work serves as a comprehensive and useful reference for those who have an interest in researching DVRs.

A Hybrid Photovoltaic-Fuel Cell-Based Single-Stage Grid Integration With Lyapunov Control Scheme

Abstract: This article presents a single-stage hybrid photovoltaic (PV)-fuel cell (FC)-based grid-integrated system with Lyapunov function-based controller design to obtain optimal power extraction from hybrid renewable sources without maximum power point tracking (MPPT) application. The proposed Lyapunov controller performs MPPT function, improves power quality, and forces inverter to inject sinusoidal current to the utility grid. In this proposed approach, the higher switching frequency has been reduced by employing LCL filter inclusion compared to the two-stage hybrid power system. This proposed single-stage system has low cost and improved power quality at the point of common coupling and employed controller injects stable power to the utility grid. In this article, a hybrid overall distributed-particle swarm optimization-based MPPT is employed with FCs and integrated CUK converter. The effectiveness of the employed Lyapunov function-based controller has been tested with dSPACE (DS1104) real-time platform for single-stage hybrid grid-connected power system under varying operating conditions that have high efficiency, reduced harmonic distortion in grid current with the simpler employed power converter. Experimental responses confirm the effectiveness of the proposed controller, which transfers the hybrid power from PV and FC to the utility grid through a single stage.

New CUK–SEPIC converter based photovoltaic power system with hybrid GSA–PSO algorithm employing MPPT for water pumping applications

Abstract: This work proposes a CUK–SEPIC converter for photovoltaic water pumping application with maximum power point tracking (MPPT). For this a new hybrid gravitational search algorithm (GSA)–particle swarm optimisation (PSO) based MPPT method is proposed. The recent power electronics based CUK–SEPIC converter provides identical output with positive and negative ground reference. The novel converter minimises the ripple present in the supply current and provides optimum PV power extraction from solar module by integrating input and output magnetic cores of inductor. The proposed model is practically tested under changing solar insolation by employing switch reluctance motor for water pumping applications.

Closed-Loop Control and Boundary for CCM and DCM of Nonisolated Inverting N × Multilevel Boost Converter for High-Voltage Step-Up Applications

Abstract: In this paper, closed-loop control and boundary condition for continuous conduction mode and discontinuous conduction mode of nonisolated inverting N × multilevel boost converter (MBC) are articulated. Inverting N × MBC combines the features of classical boost converter and voltage multiplier to attain inverting N times higher voltage. Consequently, the inverting N × MBC provides a viable solution for high-voltage step-up photovoltaic applications with low voltage rating reactive components and semiconductor devices. The control strategy with saturation limiter is employed to achieve highly stable voltage. The modes of operation, benefits of inverting N × MBC, and key factors for the selection of semiconductor devices and sizing of the reactive components are discussed. Additionally, the effects of reactive components and semiconductor devices on the output voltage are examined. Experimental results of the developed circuit are presented to validate the design of converter, and effectiveness and robustness of the implemented control algorithm for different input and output side perturbations.

Design and Implementation of Multilevel Inverters for Fuel Cell Energy Conversion System

Abstract: Power converter plays a significant role in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) energy generation systems, which is an alternative of distributed energy generation systems. So there creates a demand for high-quality power conditioning used in PEMFC systems. This article proposes a converter topology as a power interface and also introduced a multilevel inverter topology for various levels of operation. The converter steps up the input voltage to the rated voltage and transforms to the DC bus, the multilevel inverter converts the voltage to AC and feeds to AC loads. In this article, we develop an entire unit stack, which can produce an output with positive and zero sequences. The addition of H-bridge to the fundamental unit known to be an advance cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter resulting in the formation of all sequences like positive, zero and negative levels. The conventional multilevel inverters are compared with the proposed inverters in terms of switch count, DC sources, diodes, through which the lesser requirement of components in a multilevel inverter is possible to observe, which results in the reduction in cost, dv/dt stress, component space of the driver circuit. With this implementation, the better possibility of control, increase the quality of output, reliability of the inverter with a reduced THD, and stress. The converter output is tested and verified in MATLAB, and the respective results of the different levels like five, seven and fifteen of a single-phase cascaded inverter are tested experimentally and in MATLAB Simulink.

Review of Health Prognostics and Condition Monitoring of Electronic Components.

Abstract: To meet the specifications of low cost, highly reliable electronic devices, fault diagnosis techniques play an essential role. It is vital to find flaws at an early stage in design, components, material, or manufacturing during the initial phase. This review paper attempts to summarize past development and recent advances in the areas about green manufacturing, maintenance, remaining useful life (RUL) prediction, and like. The current state of the art in reliability research for electronic components, mainly includes failure mechanisms, condition monitoring, and residual lifetime evaluation is explored. A critical analysis of reliability studies to identify their relative merits and usefulness of the outcome of these studies' vis-a-vis green manufacturing is presented. The wide array of statistical, empirical, and intelligent tools and techniques used in the literature are then identified and mapped. Finally, the findings are summarized, and the central research gap is highlighted.

Three-Phase Series Resonant DC-DC Boost Converter With Double LLC Resonant Tanks and Variable Frequency Control

Abstract: This paper proposes a three-phase inverter combined with two LLC resonant tanks series resonant DC-DC boost converter with variable frequency control. The three-phase inverter side of the proposed circuit is connected to identical two-level LLC tanks to ensure balanced resonant currents. The proposed converter requires less switching devices and transformers as compared to the conventional interleaved LLC resonant converter, which competitively offers higher efficiency and reduced size and cost. Furthermore, the proposed converter works above the resonant frequency to achieve zero voltage switching (ZVS) for the entire operating frequency range ${(42.5kHz for all switches. Variable frequency controller is considered in order to obtain better stability for diverse loads. Therefore, the proposed converter will have the ability to respond to the load changes by varying the switching frequency to the value that fulfils the requirement. In order to verify the improvement of the proposed converter, the converter performance is compared to conventional interleaved LLC resonant converter. The theoretical outcomes are confirmed through simulation studies using MATLAB/SIMULINK and validated experimentally using a laboratory prototype. Selected results are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed converter.

A New Multilevel Inverter Topology With Reduced Power Components for Domestic Solar PV Applications

Abstract: Power electronic converters are used to nullify the input fluctuations from a solar photovoltaic unit because of intermittent solar irradiance and to make the terminal voltage grid compatible with the desired frequency. The conventional two-level converters suffer from low power quality and high voltage stress. In this article, a new multilevel inverter topology called Dual Source Multilevel Inverter (DS-MLI) with fewer power switches is proposed for solar PV power conversion systems. It can operate in symmetric and asymmetric operating modes with no cascading. This reduces the switching components required to produce several levels in the staircase voltage waveform. A closed-loop control algorithm is designed using the state-space averaging technique, and we assess the dynamic behaviour of the system under step change. We carry the simulation out in MATLAB environment. The experimental prototype of DS-MLI rated 1 kW is fabricated using FGA25N120-ANTD IGBTs, and an eco-sense made solar PV emulator is used for analysing the performance of DS-MLI while interfacing with solar PV unit. We compare the suggested scheme with its conventional counterpart in the aspects of components required, cost and efficiency, and the results are presented.

Analysis and Investigation of Hybrid DC–DC Non-Isolated and Non-Inverting Nx Interleaved Multilevel Boost Converter (Nx-IMBC) for High Voltage Step-Up Applications: Hardware Implementation

Abstract: In significant cases, the generated voltage needs to be step-up with high conversion ratio by using the DC-DC converter as per the requirement of the load. The drawbacks of traditional boost converter are it required high rating semiconductor devices and have high input current ripple, low efficiency, and reverse recovery voltage of the diodes. Recently, the family of Multilevel Boost Converter suggested and suitable configuration to overcome the above drawbacks. In this article, hybrid DC-DC non-isolated and non-inverting Nx Interleaved Multilevel Boost Converter (Nx-IMBC) is analyzed in Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) and Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM) with boundary condition and investigated in detail. The Nx-IMBC circuit combined the features of traditional Interleaved Boost Converter (IBC) and Nx Multilevel Boost Converter (Nx-MBC). The modes of operation, design of Nx-IMBC and the effect of the internal resistance of components are presented. The comparison study with various recent DC-DC converters is presented. The experimental and simulation results are presented with or without perturbation in input voltage, output power and output reference voltage which validates the design, feasibility, and working of the converter.

Internet of things augmented a novel PSO-employed modified zeta converter-based photovoltaic maximum power tracking system: hardware realisation

Abstract: In this study, a particle swarm optimisation (PSO) augmented internet of things (IOT)-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm for solar photovoltaic (PV) system has been proposed. A modified DC–DC ZETA converter is used as an interface between solar PV and DC load. The duty cycle of the converter is continuously modulated for harvesting maximum power using PSO-IOT algorithm employing Arduino and Bluetooth system. IOT-based control system provides monitoring and compiling of PV reference voltage for MPPT controller of the PV system. Further, the experimental results validate the improved performance of the proposed algorithm. A performance comparison is provided in order to prove the merit of proposed MPPT algorithm over existing techniques such as perturb and observe, PSO, ant colony optimisation, artificial bee colony.

Closed-Loop Control and Performance Evaluation of Reduced Part Count Multilevel Inverter Interfacing Grid-Connected PV System

Abstract: Multilevel inverters (MLIs) have drawn tremendous attention in the power sector. Application of MLI has grown extensively to improve the power quality and efficiency of the photovoltaic (PV) system. For an MLI interfacing PV system, the size, cost and voltage stress are the key constraints of the MLI that need to be minimized. This paper presents a novel reduced part count MLI interfacing single-stage grid-tied PV system along with a closed-loop control strategy. The proposed MLI consists of n repeating units and a level boosting circuit (LBC) that assists in generating 4n + 7 voltage levels instead of 2n + 3 levels. Three different algorithms are proposed for a proper selection of dc-link voltages to enhance the levels further. A comparative analysis is carried out to confirm the superiority of the developed MLI. The workability of the proposed MLI is investigated with a 1.3 kW PV system. The closed-loop control strategy ensures the maximum power tracking, dc-link voltage balancing, satisfactory operation of the MLI and injection of clean sinusoidal grid current under any dynamic changes. Comprehensive simulation analysis is carried out considering a 15-level MLI structure. Experimental tests further confirm the practicality of the topological advancement for a PV system under different dynamic conditions.

False Data Injection Attack Detection based on Hilbert-Huang Transform in AC Smart Islands

Abstract: In Smart Island (SI) systems, operators of power distribution system usually utilize actual-time measurement information as the Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) to have an accurate, efficient, advanced control and monitor of whole their system. SI system can be vulnerable to complicated information integrity attacks such as False Data Injection Attack (FDIA) on some equipment including sensors and controllers, which can generate misleading operational decision in the system. Hence, lack of detailed research in the evaluation of power system that links the FDIAs with system stability is felt, and it will be important for both assessment of the effect of cyber-attack and taking preventive protection measures. In this regards, time–frequency-based differential approach is proposed for SI cyber-attack detection according to non-stationary signal assessment. In this paper, non-stationary signal processing approach of Hilbert–Huang Transform (HHT) is performed for the FDIA detection in several case studies. Since various critical case studies with a small FDIA in data where accurate and efficient detection can be a challenge, the simulation results confirm the efficiency of HHT approach and the proposed detection frame is compared with shallow model. In this research, the configuration of the SI test case is developed in the MATLAB software with several Distributed Generations (DGs). As a result, it is found that the HHT approach is completely efficient and reliable for FDIA detection target in AC-SI. The simulation results verify that the proposed model is able to achieve accuracy rate of 93.17% and can detect FDIAs less than 50 ms from cyber-attack starting in different kind of scenarios.

A Modified High Voltage Gain Quasi-Impedance Source Coupled Inductor Multilevel Inverter for Photovoltaic Application

Abstract: The quasi-impedance source inverters/quasi-Z source inverters (Q-ZSIs) have shown improvement to overwhelmed shortcomings of regular voltage-source inverters (VSIs) and current-source inverters (CSIs) in terms of efficiency and buck-boost type operations. The Q-ZSIs encapsulated several significant merits against conventional ZSIs, i.e., realized buck/boost, inversion and power conditioning in a single power stage with improved reliability. The conventional inverters have two major problems; voltage harmonics and boosting capability, which make it impossible to prefer for renewable generation and general-purpose applications such as drive acceleration. This work has proposed a Q-ZSI with five-level six switches coupled inverter. The proposed Q-ZSI has the merits of operation, reduced passive components, higher voltage boosting capability and high efficiency. The modified space vector pulse width modulation (PWM) developed to achieve the desired control on the impedance network and inverter switching states. The proposed PWM integrates the boosting and regular inverter switching state within one sampling period. The PWM has merits such as reduction of coupled inductor size, total harmonic reduction with enhancing of the fundamental voltage profile. In comparison with other multilevel inverters (MLI), it utilizes only half of the power switch and a lower modulation index to attain higher voltage gain. The proposed inverter dealt with photovoltaic (PV) system for the stand-alone load. The proposed boost inverter topology, operating performance and control algorithm is theoretically investigated and validated through MATLAB/Simulink software and experimental upshots. The proposed topology is an attractive solution for the stand-alone and grid-connected system.

Small-Signal Stability Analysis of Hybrid Power System With Quasi-Oppositional Sine Cosine Algorithm Optimized Fractional Order PID Controller

Abstract: This article deals with the frequency instability problem of a hybrid energy power system (HEPS) coordinated with reheat thermal power plant. A stochastic optimization method called a sine-cosine algorithm (SCA) is, initially, applied for optimum tuning of fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative (FOPI-D) controller gains to balance the power generation and load profile. To accelerate the convergence mobility and escape the solutions from the local optimal level, quasi-oppositional based learning (Q-OBL) is integrated with SCA, which results in QOSCA. In this work, the PID-controller’s derivative term is placed in the feedback path to avoid the set-point kick problem. A comparative assessment of the energy-storing devices is shown for analyzing the performances of the same in HEPS. The qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the results shows the best performance with the proposed QOSCA: FOPI-D controller compared to SCA-, grey wolf optimizer (GWO), and hyper-spherical search (HSS) optimized FOPI-D controller. It is also seen from the results that the proposed QOSCA: FOPI-D controller has satisfactory disturbance rejection ability and shows robust performance against parametric uncertainties and random load perturbation. The efficacy of the designed controller is confirmed by considering generation rate constraint, governor dead-band, and boiler dynamics effects.

A Hybrid Algorithm for Recognition of Power Quality Disturbances

Abstract: An algorithm making use of hybrid features of Hilbert transform (HT) and Stockwell transform (ST) to identify the single-stage and multiple (multi-stage) power quality disturbances (PQDs) is introduced in this manuscript. A power quality index (PI) and time location index (TLI), based on the features computed from the voltage signal by the use of HT and ST are proposed for recognition of the PQDs. Four features extracted from the PI and TLI are considered for classification of the PQDs achieved using decision tree driven by rules. The algorithm is tested on the PQDs generated with the help of mathematical models (in conformity with standard IEEE-1159). Performance is evaluated on 100 data set of every disturbance computed by varying various parameters, and efficiency is found to be greater than 99%. It is established that an algorithm is effective for recognition of PQ events with an efficiency greater than 98% even in the presence of high-level noise. Algorithm is faster compared to many reported techniques and scalable for application to voltages of all range. Results are validated through comparison with the results of the algorithms reported in the literature. Performance of the algorithm is effectively validated on the practical utility network. This algorithm can be effectively implemented for designing the power quality (PQ) monitoring devices for the utility grids.

Enhancement of Power Quality in Domestic Loads Using Harmonic Filters

Abstract: This study deals with the mitigation of current harmonics, which is primarily important to alleviate power quality problems in modern times. Current harmonics produced by different widely used loads have been evaluated and related parameters have been tabled. Using the data obtained, a non-linear load was modelled to serve as the test load. Different mitigation solutions and techniques were studied to select an appropriate filter design for domestic single-phase application. The Active Power Filter (APF)’s steady-state and dynamic output was evaluated with reference current extraction techniques like PQ and SRF theories in Simulink. For a fair comparison, various parameters related to the filter design were kept identical between the tests conducted; and to test the dynamic performance, a highly inductive load was connected halfway through simulation. The reactive power compensation offered by the filter was studied by using various waveforms and parameters are investigated and tabulated. The study was carried out to identify a reference current extraction technique that yields the best performance and understand the implementation of the same to identify inherent issues that can sometimes be overlooked because of their simplicity and ease of implementation. The performance of two commonly used reference current extraction techniques were analyzed by subjecting it to highly non-linear and highly inductive loads that were modelled based on various loads that were analyzed.

A High Gain DC-DC Converter with Grey Wolf Optimizer Based MPPT Algorithm for PV Fed BLDC Motor Drive

Abstract: Photovoltaic (PV) water pumping systems are becoming popular these days. In PV water pumping, the role of the converter is most important, especially in the renewable energy-based PV systems case. This study focuses on one such application. In this proposed work, direct current (DC) based intermediate DC-DC power converter, i.e., a modified LUO (M-LUO) converter is used to extricate the availability of power in the high range from the PV array. The M-LUO converter is controlled efficiently by utilizing the Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO)-based maximum power point tracking algorithm, which aids the smooth starting of a brushless DC (BLDC) motor. The voltage source inverter’s (VSI) fundamental switching frequency is achieved in the BLDC motor by electronic commutation. Hence, the occurrence of VSI losses due to a high switching frequency is eliminated. The GWO optimized algorithm is compared with the perturb and observe (P&O) and fuzzy logic based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms. However, by sensing the position of the rotor and comparing the reference speed with the actual speed, the speed of the BLDC motor is controlled by the proportional-integral (PI) controller. The recent advancement in motor drives based on distributed sources generates more demand for highly efficient permanent magnet (PM) motor drives, and this was the beginning of interest in BLDC motors. Thus, in this paper, the design of a high-gain boost converter optimized by a GWO algorithm is proposed to drive the BLDC-based pumping motor. The proposed work is simulated in MATLAB-SIMULINK, and the experimental results are verified using the dsPIC30F2010 controller.

Performance Analysis of APSO and Firefly Algorithm for Short Term Optimal Scheduling of Multi-Generation Hybrid Energy System

Abstract: This paper presents a modified and novel form of the conventional short-term hydrothermal scheduling problem by incorporating the effects of adding the photovoltaic energy source to the conventional grid. A photovoltaic energy source is intermittent in nature, therefore, to determine the optimal power contribution of the photovoltaic source towards the economic dispatch problem, a detailed strategy is presented in this paper. The proposed design method includes the forecasting of the photovoltaic system’s parameters using the Auto-Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) model. The analytical model is developed based on the fractional integral polynomials for studying the characteristics of the single photovoltaic module. The optimization of power allocation in the system consisting of conventional and non-conventional energy sources is highly non-linear and classical deterministic methods can not be guaranteed to determine the optimal solution for economic power dispatch. The global optima of such non-linear and non-convex problems can be determined using swarm-based intelligence techniques. This paper presents accelerated particle swarm optimization and the firefly algorithm to determine a solution for short-term non-linear scheduling problems. The multiple test cases have been presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed solution over classical methods. The overall generation cost of the selected hybrid system is reduced using the proposed methods while meeting the generation constraints of each energy source. Moreover, due to the stochastic nature of the meta-heuristic techniques, a comprehensive statistical comparison, based on the independent T-test results, is also presented to highlight the algorithm which performs better for selected scheduling problems. It has been demonstrated that accelerated particle swarm optimization gives lower mean generation cost of the system whereas the execution time of the firefly algorithm is better compared to its counterpart.

An Original Hybrid Multilevel DC-AC Converter Using Single-Double Source Unit for Medium Voltage Applications: Hardware Implementation and Investigation

Abstract: In this article, an original hybrid multilevel DC-AC converter configurations are proposed by using single-double source unit for medium voltage applications. The proposed topologies are derived by hybridization of single and double source units with polarity changer and cascaded with full-bridge converter for medium and high voltage applications. Two different hybrid topologies presented and each topology configured for both symmetric and asymmetric method. The proposed hybrid topologies compared with the conventional cascaded H-bridge converter (CHB), and the best topologies recommended for medium voltage applications. The comparison in terms of the number of switches, gate driver circuits, maximum blocking voltage by switches and total peak inverse voltages of switches presented. The proposed topologies require a small installation area and low cost. The validity of the proposed hybrid converter structures is verified by simulation using MATLAB/Simulink and hardware results. The simulation and hardware results show a good agreement with the theoretical approach.