Sara R. Zwart

TL;DR: Given that the majority of the biological and human health variables remained stable, or returned to baseline, after a 340-day space mission, these data suggest that human health can be mostly sustained over this duration of spaceflight.

TL;DR: It is shown that resistance exercise, coupled with adequate energy intake (shown by maintenance of body mass determined by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry [DXA]) and vitamin D, can maintain bone in most regions during 4‐ to 6‐month missions in microgravity.

TL;DR: Evidence is provided that bone loss, compromised vitamin D status, and oxidative damage are among critical nutritional concerns for long-duration space travelers.

TL;DR: relevant in-place operational countermeasures onboard ISS are reviewed and a myriad of potential immune countermeasures for exploration missions are discussed, including nutritional supplementation and functional foods, exercise and immunity, pharmacological options, and vaccination to mitigate herpes (and possibly other) virus risks are discussed.

TL;DR: Overall pathway analyses on the multi-omics datasets showed significant enrichment for mitochondrial processes, as well as innate immunity, chronic inflammation, cell cycle, circadian rhythm, and olfactory functions, indicating mitochondrial stress as a consistent phenotype of spaceflight.