Showing papers by "Queen's University published in 1999"
TL;DR: This paper reviewed the major design and analytical decisions that must be made when conducting exploratory factor analysis and notes that each of these decisions has important consequences for the obtained results, and the implications of these practices for psychological research are discussed.
Abstract: Despite the widespread use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research, researchers often make questionable decisions when conducting these analyses. This article reviews the major design and analytical decisions that must be made when conducting a factor analysis and notes that each of these decisions has important consequences for the obtained results. Recommendations that have been made in the methodological literature are discussed. Analyses of 3 existing empirical data sets are used to illustrate how questionable decisions in conducting factor analyses can yield problematic results. The article presents a survey of 2 prominent journals that suggests that researchers routinely conduct analyses using such questionable methods. The implications of these practices for psychological research are discussed, and the reasons for current practices are reviewed.
7,590 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors employ response surface regressions based on simulation experiments to calculate asymptotic distribution functions for the Johansen-type likelihood ratio tests for cointegration.
Abstract: This paper employs response surface regressions based on simulation experiments to calculate asymptotic distribution functions for the Johansen-type likelihood ratio tests for cointegration. These are carried out in the context of the models recently proposed by Pesaran, Shin, and Smith (1997) that allow for the possibility of exogenous variables integrated of order one. The paper calculates critical values that are very much more accurate than those available previously. The principal contributions of the paper are a set of data files that contain estimated asymptotic quantiles obtained from response surface estimation and a computer program for utilizing them. This program, which is freely available via the Internet, can be used to calculate both asymptotic critical values and P-values. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1,971 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a frequency-space domain approach to waveform inversion is presented, which is a local descent algorithm that proceeds from a starting model to refine the model in order to reduce the waveform misfit between observed and model data.
Abstract: Seismic waveforms contain much information that is ignored under standard processing schemes; seismic waveform inversion seeks to use the full information content of the recorded wavefield. In this paper I present, apply, and evaluate a frequency-space domain approach to waveform inversion. The method is a local descent algorithm that proceeds from a starting model to refine the model in order to reduce the waveform misfit between observed and model data. The model data are computed using a full-wave equation, viscoacoustic, frequency-domain, finite-difference method. Ray asymptotics are avoided, and higher-order effects such as diffractions and multiple scattering are accounted for automatically. The theory of frequency-domain waveform/wavefield inversion can be expressed compactly using a matrix formalism that uses finite-difference/finite-element frequency-domain modeling equations. Expressions for fast, local descent inversion using back-propagation techniques then follow naturally. Implementation of these methods depends on efficient frequency-domain forward-modeling solutions; these are provided by recent developments in numerical forward modeling. The inversion approach resembles prestack, reverse-time migration but differs in that the problem is formulated in terms of velocity (not reflectivity), and the method is fully iterative. I illustrate the practical application of the frequency-domain waveform inversion approach using tomographic seismic data from a physical scale model. This allows a full evaluation and verification of the method; results with field data are presented in an accompanying paper. Several critical processes contribute to the success of the method: the estimation of a source signature, the matching of amplitudes between real and synthetic data, the selection of a time window, and the selection of suitable sequence of frequencies in the inversion. An initial model for the inversion of the scale model data is provided using standard traveltime tomographic methods, which provide a robust but low-resolution image. Twenty-five iterations of wavefield inversion are applied, using five discrete frequencies at each iteration, moving from low to high frequencies. The final results exhibit the features of the true model at subwavelength scale and account for many of the details of the observed arrivals in the data.
1,496 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe patterns in the dynamics of families of talented athletes throughout their development in sport, including three families of elite rowers and one family of an elite tennis player.
Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to describe patterns in the dynamics of families of talented athletes throughout their development in sport. Four families, including three families of elite rowers and one family of an elite tennis player were examined. The framework provided by Ericsson, Krampe, and Tesch-Romer (1993) to explain expert performance served as the theoretical basis for the study. Ericsson et al. suggested that the acquisition of expert performance involves operating within three types of constraints: motivational, effort, and resource. In-depth interviews were conducted with each athlete, parent, and sibling to explore how they have dealt with these three constraints. A total of 15 individual interviews were conducted. Results permitted the identification of three phases of participation from early childhood to late adolescence: the sampling years, the specializing years, and the investment years. The dynamics of the family in each of these phases of development is discussed.
1,305 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that activations common to all subjects reflect aspects of functional anatomy that may be "typical" of the population from which that group was sampled, and these commonalities can be identified by a conjunction analysis of the activation effects.
1,098 citations
TL;DR: Symptoms of atopic eczema exhibit wide variations in prevalence both within and between countries inhabited by similar ethnic groups, suggesting that environmental factors may be critical in determining disease expression.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Little is known about the prevalence of atopic eczema outside Northern Europe.
OBJECTIVES: We sought to describe the magnitude and variation in the prevalence of atopic eczema symptoms throughout the world.
METHODS: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted on random samples of schoolchildren aged 6 to 7 years and 13 to 14 years from centers in 56 countries throughout the world. Those children with a positive response to being questioned about the presence of an itchy relapsing skin rash in the last 12 months that had affected their skin creases were considered to have atopic eczema. Children whose atopic eczema symptoms resulted in sleep disturbance for 1 or more nights per week were considered to have severe atopic eczema.
RESULTS: Complete data was available for 256,410 children aged 6 to 7 years in 90 centers and 458,623 children aged 13 to 14 years in 153 centers. The prevalence range for symptoms of atopic eczema was from less than 2% in Iran to over 16% in Japan and Sweden in the 6 to 7 year age range and less than 1% in Albania to over 17% in Nigeria for the 13 to 14 year age range. Higher prevalences of atopic eczema symptoms were reported in Australasia and Northern Europe, and lower prevalences were reported in Eastern and Central Europe and Asia. Similar patterns were seen for symptoms of severe atopic eczema.
CONCLUSIONS: Atopic eczema is a common health problem for children and adolescents throughout the world. Symptoms of atopic eczema exhibit wide variations in prevalence both within and between countries inhabited by similar ethnic groups, suggesting that environmental factors may be critical in determining disease expression. Studies that include objective skin examinations are required to confirm these findings.
958 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report the results of a consensus conference on the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy (MSA), which includes four domains: autonomic failure/urinary dysfunction, parkinsonism and cerebellar ataxia, and corticospinal dysfunction.
921 citations
TL;DR: In fMRI there are two classes of inference: one aims to make a comment about the "typical" characteristics of a population, and the other about "average" characteristics, which applies to studies of normal subjects that try to identify some qualitative aspect of normal functional anatomy.
855 citations
TL;DR: The interaction between marketing actions with a social dimension and marketing action with an economic orientation is studied in this paper, where the authors introduce institutional theory as the basis for the interaction between social and economic marketing.
Abstract: The interaction between marketing actions with a social dimension and marketing actions with an economic orientation is at the heart of this study. The authors introduce institutional theory as the...
836 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that VAP prolongs ICU length of stay and may increase the risk of death in critically ill patients and the attributable risk of VAP appears to vary with patient population and infecting organism.
Abstract: To evaluate the attributable morbidity and mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in intensive care unit (ICU) patients, we conducted a prospective, matched cohort study. Patients expected to be ventilated for > 48 h were prospectively followed for the development of VAP. To determine the excess ICU stay and mortality attributable to VAP, we matched patients with VAP to patients who did not develop clinically suspected pneumonia. We also conducted sensitivity analyses to examine the effect of different populations, onset of pneumonia, diagnostic criteria, causative organisms, and adequacy of empiric treatment on the outcome of VAP. One hundred and seventy-seven patients developed VAP. As compared with matched patients who did not develop VAP, patients with VAP stayed in the ICU for 4.3 d (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5 to 7.0 d) longer and had a trend toward an increase in risk of death (absolute risk increase: 5.8%; 95% CI: − 2.4 to 14.0 d; relative risk (RR) increase: 32.3%; 95% CI: − 20....
826 citations
TL;DR: Understanding of the special role of the ventral striatum is enriched in coordinating the contribution of different functional subsystems to confer flexibility, as well as coherence and vigor, to goal‐directed behavior, through different forms of associative learning.
Abstract: Only recently have the functional implications of the organization of the ventral striatum, amygdala, and related limbic-cortical structures, and their neuroanatomical interactions begun to be clarified. Processes of activation and reward have long been associated with the NAcc and its dopamine innervation, but the precise relationships between these constructs have remained elusive. We have sought to enrich our understanding of the special role of the ventral striatum in coordinating the contribution of different functional subsystems to confer flexibility, as well as coherence and vigor, to goal-directed behavior, through different forms of associative learning. Such appetitive behavior comprises many subcomponents, some of which we have isolated in these experiments to reveal that, not surprisingly, the mechanisms by which an animal sequences responding to reach a goal are complex. The data reveal how the different components, pavlovian approach (or sign-tracking), conditioned reinforcement (whereby pavlovian stimuli control goal-directed action), and also more general response-invigorating processes (often called "activation," "stress," or "drive") may be integrated within the ventral striatum through convergent interactions of the amygdala, other limbic cortical structures, and the mesolimbic dopamine system to produce coherent behavior. The position is probably not far different when considering aversively motivated behavior. Although it may be necessary to employ simplified, even abstract, paradigms for isolating these mechanisms, their concerted action can readily be appreciated in an adaptive, functional setting, such as the responding by rats for intravenous cocaine under a second-order schedule of reinforcement. Here, the interactions of primary reinforcement, psychomotor activation, pavlovian conditioning, and the control that drug cues exert over the integrated drug-seeking response can be seen to operate both serially and concurrently. The power of our analytic techniques for understanding complex motivated behavior has been evident for some time. However, the crucial point is that we are now able to map these components with increasing certainty onto discrete amygdaloid, and other limbic cortical-ventral striatal subsystems. The neural dissection of these mechanisms also serves an important theoretical purpose in helping to validate the various hypothetical constructs and further developing theory. Major challenges remain, not the least of which is an understanding of the operation of the ventral striatum together with its dopaminergic innervation and its interactions with the basolateral amygdala, hippocampal formation, and prefrontal cortex at a more mechanistic, neuronal level.
TL;DR: Abciximab facilitates the rate and extent of thrombolysis, producing early, marked increases in TIMI 3 flow when combined with half the usual dose of alteplase, and substantial reductions in heparin dosing may reduce the risk of bleeding even further.
Abstract: Background—The TIMI 14 trial tested the hypothesis that abciximab, the Fab fragment of a monoclonal antibody directed to the platelet glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptor, is a potent and safe addition to reduced-dose thrombolytic regimens for ST-segment elevation MI. Methods and Results—Patients (n=888) with ST-elevation MI presenting <12 hours from onset of symptoms were treated with aspirin and randomized initially to either 100 mg of accelerated-dose alteplase (control) or abciximab (bolus 0.25 mg/kg and 12-hour infusion of 0.125 μg · kg−1 · min−1) alone or in combination with reduced doses of alteplase (20 to 65 mg) or streptokinase (500 000 U to 1.5 MU). Control patients received standard weight-adjusted heparin (70-U/kg bolus; infusion of 15 U · kg−1 · h−1), whereas those treated with a regimen including abciximab received low-dose heparin (60-U/kg bolus; infusion of 7 U · kg−1 · h−1). The rate of TIMI 3 flow at 90 minutes for patients treated with accelerated alteplase alone was 57% compared with 3...
TL;DR: The value of inclusive rather than restrictive diagnostic criteria that encompass other gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal symptoms should be examined to improve the accuracy of symptom-based criteria and reduce the dependence on objective testing.
TL;DR: The most efficient designs for evoked responses, as opposed to differential responses, require trial-free periods during which baseline levels can be attained, and the most efficient design is a conventional block design.
TL;DR: In this article, the functions of the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) core and shell were investigated in mediating amphetamine-potentiated conditioned reinforcement and locomotion.
Abstract: Dopamine release within the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) has been associated with both the rewarding and locomotor-stimulant effects of abused drugs. The functions of the NAcc core and shell were investigated in mediating amphetamine-potentiated conditioned reinforcement and locomotion. Rats were initially trained to associate a neutral stimulus (Pavlovian CS) with food reinforcement (US). After excitotoxic lesions that selectively destroyed either the NAcc core or shell, animals underwent additional CS–US training sessions and then were tested for the acquisition of a new instrumental response that produced the CS acting as a conditioned reinforcer (CR). Animals were infused intra-NAcc with d-amphetamine (0, 1, 3, 10, or 20 μg) before each session. Shell lesions affected neither Pavlovian nor instrumental conditioning but completely abolished the potentiative effect of intra-NAcc amphetamine on responding with CR. Core-lesioned animals were impaired during the Pavlovian retraining sessions but showed no deficit in the acquisition of responding with CR. However, the selectivity in stimulant-induced potentiation of the CR lever was reduced, as intra-NAcc amphetamine infusions dose-dependently increased responding on both the CR lever and a nonreinforced (control) lever. Shell lesions produced hypoactivity and attenuated amphetamine-induced activity. In contrast, core lesions resulted in hyperactivity and enhanced the locomotor-stimulating effect of amphetamine. These results indicate a functional dissociation of subregions of the NAcc; the shell is a critical site for stimulant effects underlying the enhancement of responding with CR and locomotion after intra-NAcc injections of amphetamine, whereas the core is implicated in mechanisms underlying the expression of CS–US associations.
TL;DR: In this paper, the physiological basis of attentional modulation in extrastriate cortex was investigated by dissociating modulation of visually evoked transient activity from the baseline for a particular attentional set, which was consistent with the hypothesis that attention modulates sensitivity of neuronal populations to inputs by changing background activity.
Abstract: Selective attention to color or motion enhances activity in specialized areas of extrastriate cortex, but mechanisms of attentional modulation remain unclear. By dissociating modulation of visually evoked transient activity from the baseline for a particular attentional set, human functional neuroimaging was used to investigate the physiological basis of such effects. Baseline activity in motion- and color-sensitive areas of extrastriate cortex was enhanced by selective attention to these attributes, even without moving or colored stimuli. Further, visually evoked responses increased along with baseline activity. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that attention modulates sensitivity of neuronal populations to inputs by changing background activity.
TL;DR: The IS Effectiveness Matrix provides a useful guide for conceptualizing effectiveness measurement in IS research, and for choosing appropriate measures, both for research and practice.
Abstract: The value added by an organization’s IT assets is a critical concern to both research and practice. Not surprisingly, a large number of IS effectiveness measures can be found in the IS literature. What is not clear in the literature is what measures are appropriate in a particular context. In this paper we propose a two-dimensional matrix for classifying IS Effectiveness measures. The first dimension is the type of system studied. The second dimension is the stakeholder in whose interests the system is being evaluated. The matrix was tested by using it to classify IS effectiveness measures from 186 empirical papers in three major IS journals for the last nine years. The results indicate that the classifications are meaningful. Hence, the IS Effectiveness Matrix provides a useful guide for conceptualizing effectiveness measurement in IS research, and for choosing appropriate measures, both for research and practice.
TL;DR: The findings of this study support an hypothesis that emotion and attention modulate both early and late stages of visual processing.
TL;DR: The 10-week combined program of muscle strengthening and physical conditioning resulted in gains in all measures of impairment and disability and these gains were not associated with measurable changes of spasticity in either quadriceps or ankle plantarflexors.
TL;DR: Of the available parameters, increased IC, which is an index of reduced resting lung hyperinflation, best reflected the improvements in exercise endurance and dyspnea after IB.
Abstract: We wished to determine which resting spirometric parameters best reflect improvements in exercise tolerance and exertional dyspnea in response to acute high-dose anticholinergic therapy in advanced COPD. We studied 29 patients with stable COPD (FEV(1) = 40 +/- 2% predicted [%pred]; mean +/- SEM) and moderate to severe chronic dyspnea. In a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study, patients performed spirometry and symptom-limited constant-load cycle exercise before and 1 h after receiving 500 micrograms of nebulized ipratropium bromide (IB) or saline placebo. There were no significant changes in spirometry, exercise endurance, or exertional dyspnea after receiving placebo. In response to IB (n = 58): FEV(1), FVC, and inspiratory capacity (IC) increased by 7 +/- 1%pred, 10 +/- 1%pred, and 14 +/- 2%pred, respectively (p < 0.001), with no change in the FEV(1)/FVC ratio. After receiving IB, exercise endurance time (Tlim) increased by 32 +/- 9% (p < 0.001) and slopes of Borg dyspnea ratings over time decreased by 11 +/- 6% (p < 0.05). Percent change (%Delta) in Tlim correlated best with DeltaIC%pred (p = 0.020) and change in inspiratory reserve volume (DeltaTLC%pred) (p = 0.014), but not with DeltaFVC%pred, DeltaPEFR%pred, or DeltaFEV(1)%pred. Change in Borg dyspnea ratings at isotime near end exercise also correlated with DeltaIC%pred (p = 0.04), but not with any other resting parameter. Changes in spirometric measurements are generally poor predictors of clinical improvement in response to bronchodilators in COPD. Of the available parameters, increased IC, which is an index of reduced resting lung hyperinflation, best reflected the improvements in exercise endurance and dyspnea after IB. IC should be used in conjunction with FEV(1) when evaluating therapeutic responses in COPD.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors test Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime as an explanation for gender differences in the delinquency of approximately 2,000 Canadian secondary school students.
Abstract: This research tests Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime as an explanation for gender differences in the delinquency of approximately 2,000 Canadian secondary school students. Separate psychological factors, including a preference for risk seeking, impulsivity, temper, present oriented, and carelessness, are used as measures of self-control, and additional measures of the construct are taken from the frequency of self-reported smoking and drinking. Elements of delinquent opportunity are controlled for by including measures of parental/adult super-vision. These measures and their interactions are used to predict self-reported general delinquency, property offenses, violence, and drug offenses. Results provide partial support for the general theory, revealing relationships between measures of self-control and delinquency that vary by magnitude across genders and for different offense types. Implications for the generality of the theory are discussed.
TL;DR: It is concluded that NPRC modulates the availability of the natriuretic peptides at their target organs, thereby allowing the activity of thenatriureic peptide system to be tailored to specific local needs.
Abstract: Natriuretic peptides (NPs), mainly produced in heart [atrial (ANP) and B-type (BNP)], brain (CNP), and kidney (urodilatin), decrease blood pressure and increase salt excretion. These functions are mediated by natriuretic peptide receptors A and B (NPRA and NPRB) having cytoplasmic guanylyl cyclase domains that are stimulated when the receptors bind ligand. A more abundantly expressed receptor (NPRC or C-type) has a short cytoplasmic domain without guanylyl cyclase activity. NPRC is thought to act as a clearance receptor, although it may have additional functions. To test how NPRC affects the cardiovascular and renal systems, we inactivated its gene (Npr3) in mice by homologous recombination. The half life of [125I]ANP in the circulation of homozygotes lacking NPRC is two-thirds longer than in the wild type, although plasma levels of ANP and BNP in heterozygotes and homozygotes are close to the wild type. Heterozygotes and homozygotes have a progressively reduced ability to concentrate urine, exhibit mild diuresis, and tend to be blood volume depleted. Blood pressure in the homozygotes is 8 mmHg (1 mmHg = 133 Pa) below normal. These results are consistent with the sole cardiovascular/renal function of NPRC being to clear natriuretic peptides, thereby modulating local effects of the natriuretic peptide system. Unexpectedly, Npr3 −/− homozygotes have skeletal deformities associated with a considerable increase in bone turnover. The phenotype is consistent with the bone function of NPRC being to clear locally synthesized CNP and modulate its effects. We conclude that NPRC modulates the availability of the natriuretic peptides at their target organs, thereby allowing the activity of the natriuretic peptide system to be tailored to specific local needs.
TL;DR: In this paper, a model of service provider switching was developed based on Keaveney's work and using related studies from the disciplines of marketing and psychology, and empirically examined using struct...
Abstract: Building on Keaveney’s work and using related studies from the disciplines of marketing and psychology, a model of service provider switching was developed. It was empirically examined using struct...
TL;DR: This framework for analyzing the performance of control loops will be reviewed and a number of alternate approaches based on fault-detection have also been proposed and several of these methods will also be reviewed.
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that the anti-saccade task involves (and may require) the attenuation of preparatory and stimulus-related activity in the SC to avoid unwanted pro-sACCades.
Abstract: We investigated how the brain switches between the preparation of a movement where a stimulus is the target of the movement, and a movement where a stimulus serves as a landmark for an instructed movement elsewhere. Monkeys were trained on a pro-/anti-saccade paradigm in which they either had to generate a pro-saccade toward a visual stimulus or an anti-saccade away from the stimulus to its mirror position, depending on the color of an initial fixation point. Neural activity was recorded in the superior colliculus (SC), a structure that is known to be involved in the generation of fast saccades, to determine whether it was also involved in the generation of anti-saccades. On anti-saccade trials, fixation during the instruction period was associated with an increased activity of collicular fixation-related neurons and a decreased activity of saccade-related neurons. Stimulus-related and saccade-related activity was reduced on anti-saccade trials. Our results demonstrate that the anti-saccade task involves (and may require) the attenuation of preparatory and stimulus-related activity in the SC to avoid unwanted pro-saccades. Because the attenuated pre-saccade activity that we found in the SC may be insufficient by itself to elicit correct anti-saccades, additional movement signals from other brain areas are presumably required.
TL;DR: PTEN expression was analyzed in 33 sporadic primary breast carcinoma samples using immunohistochemistry and correlated this to structural studies at the molecular level, finding that an epigenetic phenomenon such as hypermethylation, -ecreased protein synthesis or increased protein degradation may be involved.
Abstract: Germline mutations in PTEN , encoding a dual-specificity phosphatase on 10q23.3, cause Cowden syndrome (CS), which is characterized by a high risk of breast and thyroid cancers. Loss of heterozygosity of 10q22–24 markers and somatic PTEN mutations have been found to a greater or lesser extent in a variety of sporadic component and noncomponent cancers of CS. Among several series of sporadic breast carcinomas, the frequency of loss of flanking markers around PTEN is approximately 30 to 40%, and the somatic intragenic PTEN mutation frequency is PTEN deletion but no structural alteration of the remaining allele. Thus, in these cases, an epigenetic phenomenon such as hypermethylation, -ecreased protein synthesis or increased protein degradation may be involved. In the cases with reduced staining, 5 of 6 had hemizygous PTEN deletion and 1 did not have any structural abnormality. Finally, clinicopathological features were analyzed against PTEN protein expression. Three of the 5 PTEN immunostain-negative carcinomas were also both estrogen and progesterone receptor-negative, whereas only 5 of 22 of the PTEN-positive group were double receptor-negative. The significance of this last observation requires further study.
TL;DR: This article reviews the discovery of MRP1 and its relationships with other ABC superfamily members, and summarizes current knowledge of the structure, transport functions and relevance of this protein to in vitro and clinical multidrug resistance.
TL;DR: It is concluded that one dimensional measurement of tumor maximum diameter may be sufficient to assess change in solid tumors.
Abstract: Background: Tumor shrinkage is a common end point used in screening new cytotoxic agents. The standard World Health Organization criterion for partial response is a 50% or more decrease in the sum of the products of two measurements (the maximum diameter of a tumor and the largest diameter perpendicular to this maximum diameter) of individual tumors. However, theoretically, the simple sum of the maximum diameters of individual tumors is more linearly related to cell kill than is the sum of the bidimensional products. It has been hypothesized that the calculation of bidimensional products is unnecessary, and a 30% decrease in the sum of maximum diameters of individual tumors (assuming spherical shape and equivalence to a 50% reduction in the sum of the bidimensional products) was proposed as a new criterion. We have applied the standard response and the new response criteria to the same data to determine whether the same number of responses in the same patients would result. Methods: Data from 569 patients included in eight studies of a variety of cancers were reanalyzed. The two response criteria were separately applied, and the results were compared using the k statistic. The importance of confirmatory measurements and the frequency of nonspherical tumors were also examined. In addition, for a subset of 128 patients, a unidimensional criterion for disease progression (30% increase in the sum of maximum diameters) was applied and compared with the standard definition of a 25% increase in the sum of the bidimensional products. Results: Agreement between the unidimensional and bidimensional criteria was generally found to be good. The k statistic for concordance for overall response was 0.95. Conclusion: We conclude that one dimensional measurement of tumor maximum diameter may be sufficient to assess change in solid tumors. [J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91:523‐8]
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used self-efficacy theory to build a model that predicts relationships between antecedents to employees' remote work selfefficacy assessments and their behavioral and attitudinal consequences.
Abstract: The current study is a first step in investigating how virtual organizations can manage remote employees effectively. The research used self-efficacy theory to build a model that predicts relationships between antecedents to employees' remote work self-efficacy assessments and their behavioral and attitudinal consequences. The model was tested using responses from 376 remote managed employees in 18 diverse organizations. Overall, the results indicated that remote employees' self-efficacy assessments play a critical role in influencing their remote work effectiveness, perceived productivity, job satisfaction, and ability to cope. Furthermore, strong relationships were observed between employees' remote work self-efficacy judgments and several antecedents, including remote work experience and training, best practices modeling by management, computer anxiety, and IT capabilities. Because many of these antecedents can be controlled managerially, these findings suggest important ways in which a remote employee's work performance can be enhanced, through the intermediary effect of improved remote work self-efficacy. The current study also provides a basis for future research in the remote work area through its development and testing of a remote management framework.
TL;DR: In this paper, two experiments were conducted to examine whether attitudes based on affect or cognition were more susceptible to persuasive appeals that matched versus mismatched the basis of attitudes, and the results demonstrated a relative affective/cognitive persuasion matching effect.
Abstract: Two experiments were conducted to examine whether attitudes based on affect or cognition were more susceptible to persuasive appeals that matched versus mismatched the basis of attitudes. Experiment 1 provided evidence for a relative affective/cognitive persuasion matching effect and suggested that this matching effect could not be accounted for by attribute matching rather than affective/cognitive matching. Regardless of whether the persuasive appeal matched or mismatched the attitude on the attribute dimension, an affective/cognitive persuasion matching effect occurred. Experiment 2 examined whether the affective/cognitive matching effect could be accounted for by direct/indirect experience persuasion matching. Holding the direct/indirect experience distinction constant, results again demonstrated a relative affective/cognitive persuasion matching effect. Analyses of both experiments using previously validated measures of affect and cognition confirmed that manipulations of the affective and cognitive b...