Showing papers in "Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging in 2017"

TL;DR: An overview of the emerging consensus generated by the first Interoception Summit is presented, with the goal of accelerating progress in understanding the role of interoception in mental health.

TL;DR: It is suggested that aberrancies in key nodes of the DMN and their dynamic functional interactions contribute to atypical integration of information about the self in relation to 'other', as well as impairments in the ability to flexibly attend to socially relevant stimuli.

TL;DR: Novel findings from a large, healthy, older population indicate that cognitive function is sensitive to cerebral GABA concentrations in the frontal cortex, and GABA concentration in frontal and posterior regions continue to decline in later age.

TL;DR: Findings of temporal and motor thalamocortical hyper-connectivity in ASD are confirmed, and extended to include somatosensory and prefrontal cortex, and could theoretically account for sensorimotor symptoms and general cortical excitability in ASD.

TL;DR: It is suggested that common genetic variation underlying risk for clinically diagnosed ADHD also contributes to higher body mass index, neuroticism, anxiety and depressive disorders, alcohol and nicotine use, risk taking, and lower general cognitive ability in the general population.

TL;DR: This study provides first replication of the ability of ketamine to normalize depression-related prefrontal dysconnectivity and provides indirect evidence that these effects may be triggered by the capacity ofketamine to enhance glutamate neurotransmission.

TL;DR: The model of reduced network integration and differentiation (or segregation; based on connectivity outside network boundaries) in ASD support the model of atypical network distribution in ASD.

TL;DR: Results suggest that selective alterations in functional connectivity in the MTL subsystem of the default mode network in PTSD may be an important factor in PTSD pathology and symptomatology.

TL;DR: It is suggested that gaming behavior enhances craving responses in Subjects with IGD but not in subjects with RGU, insight into potential mechanisms underlying IGD is provided, and behavioral and neurobiological targets for IGD-related interventions are suggested.

TL;DR: Advances from affective neuroscience using neural measures to assess vulnerabilities in youth at high risk for depression due to parental history of depression or temperament style are summarized, as well as prospective designs evaluating the predictive validity of these vulnerabilities for symptoms and diagnoses of depression across development.

TL;DR: A meta-analysis of ECT studies in humans demonstrates fairly consistent increases in hippocampal volume bilaterally following ECT treatment, and the relationship among these volumetric changes and clinical improvement and cognitive side effects should be explored by larger, multisite studies with harmonized imaging methods.

TL;DR: It is suggested that there are different brain mechanisms influencing language development in infants with ASD and infants with language delay, and that the two groups likely experience unique sets of genetic and environmental risk factors.

TL;DR: Clinical response to aiTBS treatment is not only characterized by stronger FC patterns between the sgACC and the medial orbitofrontal cortex, but it is also associated with decreases in hopelessness.

TL;DR: This work argues for a more integrative approach that also incorporates the broad hierarchical structure of psychopathological symptoms and their etiological mechanisms, and has the potential to reveal neural substrates that nonspecifically contribute to multiple forms of psychopathology and their comorbidity.

TL;DR: High internal consistency was observed for both ERP and fMRI measures of response to gains and losses, which did not vary as a function of age, although regression-based approaches outperformed subtraction-based difference scores.

TL;DR: These findings indicate similar white-matter microstructural alterations across addictions that cannot be attributed solely to exposure to drugs or alcohol and thus may be a vulnerability mechanism for addictive disorders.

TL;DR: Patients with psychotic bipolar disorder showed evidence of cerebro-cerebellar dysconnectivity in selective networks, which may be mechanistically relevant to the underlying susceptibility to mood dysregulation and psychosis.

TL;DR: This work suggests that pathology within highly connected hub regions is a consistent finding across a broad array of phenotypically diverse disorders, and that disparate changes in brain network organization can sometimes be explained by a surprisingly small and simple set of mechanisms.

TL;DR: The first brainwide resting-state effective-connectivity neuroimaging analysis of depression, with 350 healthy individuals and 336 patients with major depressive disorder, is described, showing how the approach can be used to measure the differences in effective connectivity between different groups of individuals.

TL;DR: In this novel in vivo examination, an inverse relationship between mGluR5 availability and glutamate levels is shown, highlighting the need to further investigate the role of glutamatergic system in depression.

TL;DR: Considering impaired drift rates as an approximation of reduced sensory precision, the findings provide a novel computational framework to specify impairments in sensory processing that contribute to development of visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease.

TL;DR: Hypoactivation of cortical regions associated with goal-directed planning and associated frontostriatal dysconnectivity represent a candidate endophenotype for OCD and accord with abnormalities in neural networks supporting the balance between goal- directed and habitual behavior.

TL;DR: These findings provide the first evidence that social discrimination is independently associated with elevations in intrinsic amygdala activity and functional connectivity, thus revealing clear parallels between the neural substrates of discrimination and psychological stressors of other origins.

TL;DR: A novel effort to rely minimally on phenomenology as a diagnostic tool and to fully embrace brain characteristics of structure, as well as molecular and cellular characteristics and function, to support disease definition in psychosis.

TL;DR: It is suggested that sleep deprivation in the immediate aftermath of trauma could be a potential contributor to PTSD development and maintenance via interference with natural extinction processes and management of sleep symptoms should be considered during extinction-based therapy.

TL;DR: SCD in cognitively normal individuals is associated with diminished immediate memory practice effects and a brain connectivity pattern that mirrors early AD-related connectivity failure.

TL;DR: These results accord with the Research Domain Criteria conceptualization of mental disorders and implicate improved cognitive control activation as a transdiagnostic mechanism for CBT treatment outcome.

TL;DR: Harsher parenting and greater neighborhood deprivation in toddlerhood predicted clinically-significant symptoms of AB via less amygdala reactivity to fearful facial expressions and this pathway was moderated by genetic variation in CRHR1.

TL;DR: Data support the notion that WM training improves near-transfer task performance and may enhance the effects of EFT DD in a subset of alcohol-dependent individuals trapped within the narrowest temporal window and highlight that rate-dependent changes highlight that the authors should attend to baseline performance to better identify individuals who would most benefit from an intervention.

TL;DR: It is suggested that multiple neural metrics of error processing may uniquely distinguish clinical anxiety from healthy individuals, and that mechanisms of control also differ in GAD; these error-related neural measures have the potential to be sensitive and specific bio-signatures of anxiety.