Journal ArticleDOI
Cytokines and major depression.
Reads0
Chats0
TLDR
Although the central effects of proinflammatory cytokines appear to be able to account for most of the symptoms occurring in depression, it remains to be established whether cytokines play a causal role in depressive illness or represent epiphenomena without major significance.Abstract:
In the research field of psychoneuroimmunology, accumulating evidence has indicated the existence of reciprocal communication pathways between nervous, endocrine and immune systems. In this respect, there has been increasing interest in the putative involvement of the immune system in psychiatric disorders. In the present review, the role of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interferon (IFN)-gamma, in the aetiology and pathophysiology of major depression, is discussed. The 'cytokine hypothesis of depression' implies that proinflammatory cytokines, acting as neuromodulators, represent the key factor in the (central) mediation of the behavioural, neuroendocrine and neurochemical features of depressive disorders. This view is supported by various findings. Several medical illnesses, which are characterised by chronic inflammatory responses, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, have been reported to be accompanied by depression. In addition, administration of proinflammatory cytokines, e.g. in cancer or hepatitis C therapies, has been found to induce depressive symptomatology. Administration of proinflammatory cytokines in animals induces 'sickness behaviour', which is a pattern of behavioural alterations that is very similar to the behavioural symptoms of depression in humans. The central action of cytokines may also account for the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hyperactivity that is frequently observed in depressive disorders, as proinflammatory cytokines may cause HPA axis hyperactivity by disturbing the negative feedback inhibition of circulating corticosteroids (CSs) on the HPA axis. Concerning the deficiency in serotonergic (5-HT) neurotransmission that is concomitant with major depression, cytokines may reduce 5-HT levels by lowering the availability of its precursor tryptophan (TRP) through activation of the TRP-metabolising enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Although the central effects of proinflammatory cytokines appear to be able to account for most of the symptoms occurring in depression, it remains to be established whether cytokines play a causal role in depressive illness or represent epiphenomena without major significance.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Biological effects of add-on eicosapentaenoic Acid supplementation in diabetes mellitus and co-morbid depression: a randomized controlled trial
Roel J. T. Mocking,Johanna Assies,Mariska Bot,Eugène H.J.M. Jansen,Aart H. Schene,François Pouwer +5 more
TL;DR: Overall, add-on EPA-supplementation had limited effects on biological risk factors for adverse outcome in this sample of DM-patients with comorbid MDD.
Journal ArticleDOI
Lower frequency of antidepressant use in patients on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system modifying medications.
TL;DR: The data is supportive of the hypothesis that RAAS-active drugs may possess anti-depressant effects and that the patients being treated with an ACE inhibitor or ARB showed significantly lower rates of antidepressant usage.
Journal ArticleDOI
Interferon-alpha reduces the density of monoaminergic axons in the rat brain.
TL;DR: The hypothesis that long-term administration of interferon-&agr; causes the degeneration of monoaminergic axons in specific brain regions, which might be associated with depressive symptoms occurring in interfer on-treated patients, is supported.
Journal ArticleDOI
Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory markers in major depressive episodes during pregnancy.
Jane Pei-Chen Chang,Chih Ying Lin,Pan Yen Lin,Yin Hua Shih,Tsan Hung Chiu,Ming Ho,Hui Ting Yang,Shih Yi Huang,Piotr Gałecki,Kuan-Pin Su,Kuan-Pin Su +10 more
TL;DR: PND is significantly associated with lower DHA, EPA, and total n-3 PUFAs levels and an increased n-6/n-3PUFAs ratio, while the duration of PND is associated withLower levels of n- 3 PUF as, including DHA and EPA.
Journal ArticleDOI
Genes, emotions and gut microbiota: The next frontier for the gastroenterologist
TL;DR: An integrated approach based on the understanding of the gene-emotions-gut microbiota interaction is the next frontier that awaits the gastroenterologist to prevent and treat GI disorders associated with obesity and negative emotions.
References
More filters
Book
Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease
TL;DR: Introductory immunology textbook for medical students, advanced undergraduates, and graduate students.
Journal ArticleDOI
The inflammatory reflex
TL;DR: The discovery that cholinergic neurons inhibit acute inflammation has qualitatively expanded understanding of how the nervous system modulates immune responses, and the opportunity now exists to apply this insight to the treatment of inflammation through selective and reversible 'hard-wired' neural systems.
Journal ArticleDOI
The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: a review of supporting evidence
TL;DR: The "catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders" as discussed by the authors suggests that depression is associated with an absolute or relative decrease in catecholamines, particularly norepinephrine, available at central adrenergic receptor sites.
Journal ArticleDOI
A trial of etanercept, a recombinant tumor necrosis factor receptor:Fc fusion protein, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate.
Michael E. Weinblatt,Joel M. Kremer,Arthur D. Bankhurst,Ken J. Bulpitt,Roy Fleischmann,Robert I. Fox,Christopher G. Jackson,Mary Lange,Daniel Burge +8 more
TL;DR: In patients with persistently active rheumatoid arthritis, the combination of etanercept and methotrexate was safe and well tolerated and provided significantly greater clinical benefit than metotrexate alone.