Journal ArticleDOI
Cytokines and major depression.
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TLDR
Although the central effects of proinflammatory cytokines appear to be able to account for most of the symptoms occurring in depression, it remains to be established whether cytokines play a causal role in depressive illness or represent epiphenomena without major significance.Abstract:
In the research field of psychoneuroimmunology, accumulating evidence has indicated the existence of reciprocal communication pathways between nervous, endocrine and immune systems. In this respect, there has been increasing interest in the putative involvement of the immune system in psychiatric disorders. In the present review, the role of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interferon (IFN)-gamma, in the aetiology and pathophysiology of major depression, is discussed. The 'cytokine hypothesis of depression' implies that proinflammatory cytokines, acting as neuromodulators, represent the key factor in the (central) mediation of the behavioural, neuroendocrine and neurochemical features of depressive disorders. This view is supported by various findings. Several medical illnesses, which are characterised by chronic inflammatory responses, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, have been reported to be accompanied by depression. In addition, administration of proinflammatory cytokines, e.g. in cancer or hepatitis C therapies, has been found to induce depressive symptomatology. Administration of proinflammatory cytokines in animals induces 'sickness behaviour', which is a pattern of behavioural alterations that is very similar to the behavioural symptoms of depression in humans. The central action of cytokines may also account for the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hyperactivity that is frequently observed in depressive disorders, as proinflammatory cytokines may cause HPA axis hyperactivity by disturbing the negative feedback inhibition of circulating corticosteroids (CSs) on the HPA axis. Concerning the deficiency in serotonergic (5-HT) neurotransmission that is concomitant with major depression, cytokines may reduce 5-HT levels by lowering the availability of its precursor tryptophan (TRP) through activation of the TRP-metabolising enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Although the central effects of proinflammatory cytokines appear to be able to account for most of the symptoms occurring in depression, it remains to be established whether cytokines play a causal role in depressive illness or represent epiphenomena without major significance.read more
Citations
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The association between anxiety, traumatic stress, and obsessive-compulsive disorders and chronic inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Megan E. Renna,Mia Skytte O'Toole,Phillip E. Spaeth,Mats Lekander,Mats Lekander,Douglas S. Mennin +5 more
TL;DR: Levels of chronic inflammation, measured by inflammatory cytokines and C‐reactive protein, in people with anxiety disorders, PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder), or obsessive–compulsive disorder are examined compared to healthy controls.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Role of BDNF in the Neuroimmune Axis Regulation of Mood Disorders.
TL;DR: This review focuses on the recent progress of BDNF in influencing mood disorders, by participating in alterations of the neuroimmune axis, and may provide evidence for future studies in this field.
Journal ArticleDOI
Intranasal Immune Challenge Induces Sex-Dependent Depressive-Like Behavior and Cytokine Expression in the Brain
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors detected depressive-like behavior in a rat animal model which involves the induction of inflammation in the nasal cavities by intranasal instillation of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS).
Journal ArticleDOI
Relationship of functional gastrointestinal disorders and psychiatric disorders: Implications for treatment
TL;DR: The links between psychopathology and functional gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are revisited, the rational use of antidepressants as well as non-pharmacological approaches to the management of IBS are discussed, and guidelines for the treatment of the syndrome are suggested.
Journal ArticleDOI
A psychoneuroimmunological perspective to Emil Kraepelins dichotomy: schizophrenia and major depression as inflammatory CNS disorders.
Norbert Müller,Markus J. Schwarz +1 more
TL;DR: It will be shown that different pathological mechanisms in depression and schizophrenia may lead to the same final common pathway of inflammation, which is important with respect to pathological mechanisms and therapeutic approaches, for further research in understanding the exact pathological mechanisms but also for the development of preventive strategies in high risk individuals and in patients.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
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Journal ArticleDOI
A trial of etanercept, a recombinant tumor necrosis factor receptor:Fc fusion protein, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate.
Michael E. Weinblatt,Joel M. Kremer,Arthur D. Bankhurst,Ken J. Bulpitt,Roy Fleischmann,Robert I. Fox,Christopher G. Jackson,Mary Lange,Daniel Burge +8 more
TL;DR: In patients with persistently active rheumatoid arthritis, the combination of etanercept and methotrexate was safe and well tolerated and provided significantly greater clinical benefit than metotrexate alone.