Journal ArticleDOI
Cytokines and major depression.
Reads0
Chats0
TLDR
Although the central effects of proinflammatory cytokines appear to be able to account for most of the symptoms occurring in depression, it remains to be established whether cytokines play a causal role in depressive illness or represent epiphenomena without major significance.Abstract:
In the research field of psychoneuroimmunology, accumulating evidence has indicated the existence of reciprocal communication pathways between nervous, endocrine and immune systems. In this respect, there has been increasing interest in the putative involvement of the immune system in psychiatric disorders. In the present review, the role of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interferon (IFN)-gamma, in the aetiology and pathophysiology of major depression, is discussed. The 'cytokine hypothesis of depression' implies that proinflammatory cytokines, acting as neuromodulators, represent the key factor in the (central) mediation of the behavioural, neuroendocrine and neurochemical features of depressive disorders. This view is supported by various findings. Several medical illnesses, which are characterised by chronic inflammatory responses, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, have been reported to be accompanied by depression. In addition, administration of proinflammatory cytokines, e.g. in cancer or hepatitis C therapies, has been found to induce depressive symptomatology. Administration of proinflammatory cytokines in animals induces 'sickness behaviour', which is a pattern of behavioural alterations that is very similar to the behavioural symptoms of depression in humans. The central action of cytokines may also account for the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hyperactivity that is frequently observed in depressive disorders, as proinflammatory cytokines may cause HPA axis hyperactivity by disturbing the negative feedback inhibition of circulating corticosteroids (CSs) on the HPA axis. Concerning the deficiency in serotonergic (5-HT) neurotransmission that is concomitant with major depression, cytokines may reduce 5-HT levels by lowering the availability of its precursor tryptophan (TRP) through activation of the TRP-metabolising enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Although the central effects of proinflammatory cytokines appear to be able to account for most of the symptoms occurring in depression, it remains to be established whether cytokines play a causal role in depressive illness or represent epiphenomena without major significance.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
Mood Disorders and Obesity: Understanding Inflammation as a Pathophysiological Nexus
Joanna K. Soczynska,Sidney H. Kennedy,Sidney H. Kennedy,Hanna O. Woldeyohannes,Samantha S. Liauw,Samantha S. Liauw,Mohammad Alsuwaidan,Mohammad Alsuwaidan,Christina Y. Yim,Christina Y. Yim,Roger S. McIntyre,Roger S. McIntyre +11 more
TL;DR: It is indicated that obesity and mood disorders are chronic low-grade pro-inflammatory states that result in a gradual accumulation of allostatic load and practitioners should screen individuals with obesity for the presence of clinically significant depressive symptoms.
Journal ArticleDOI
Danger Signals and Inflammasomes: Stress-Evoked Sterile Inflammation in Mood Disorders
TL;DR: By understanding these inflammatory signaling processes, new approaches for quieting chronic or inappropriate inflammatory states may be revealed and this could serve as novel pharmacological targets for the treatment of mood disorders.
Journal ArticleDOI
Serum concentrations of CRP, IL-6, TNF-α and cortisol in major depressive disorder with melancholic or atypical features.
TL;DR: There was a correlation between the severity of anxiety symptoms based on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HARS), concentration of CRP, and the duration of symptoms, and in the MDD group with atypical features, there were several differences in serumCRP, IL-6, and cortisol concentrations.
Journal ArticleDOI
Behavior, neurotransmitters and inflammation in three regimens of the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease.
Dirk Luchtman,Di Shao,Cai Song +2 more
TL;DR: The study demonstrated that the presence of behavioral differences between regimens may depend on the type of behavioral tests used and the extent to which dopaminergic, non-dopaminergic and extra-striatal neurotransmission are affected in the regimens.
Journal ArticleDOI
The association between depressive symptoms, cognitive function, and inflammation in major depression.
Jesper Krogh,Michael E. Benros,Michael E. Benros,Martin Balslev Jørgensen,Lone Vesterager,Betina Elfving,Merete Nordentoft +6 more
TL;DR: The level of IL-6 and hsCRP was increased in depressed outpatients but was not associated to specific depressive symptoms and it was found that higher hs CRP levels were associated to lower psychomotor speed both at baseline and at follow-up.
References
More filters
Book
Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease
TL;DR: Introductory immunology textbook for medical students, advanced undergraduates, and graduate students.
Journal ArticleDOI
The inflammatory reflex
TL;DR: The discovery that cholinergic neurons inhibit acute inflammation has qualitatively expanded understanding of how the nervous system modulates immune responses, and the opportunity now exists to apply this insight to the treatment of inflammation through selective and reversible 'hard-wired' neural systems.
Journal ArticleDOI
The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: a review of supporting evidence
TL;DR: The "catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders" as discussed by the authors suggests that depression is associated with an absolute or relative decrease in catecholamines, particularly norepinephrine, available at central adrenergic receptor sites.
Journal ArticleDOI
A trial of etanercept, a recombinant tumor necrosis factor receptor:Fc fusion protein, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate.
Michael E. Weinblatt,Joel M. Kremer,Arthur D. Bankhurst,Ken J. Bulpitt,Roy Fleischmann,Robert I. Fox,Christopher G. Jackson,Mary Lange,Daniel Burge +8 more
TL;DR: In patients with persistently active rheumatoid arthritis, the combination of etanercept and methotrexate was safe and well tolerated and provided significantly greater clinical benefit than metotrexate alone.