Epigenetics and the placenta
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TLDR
Epigenetic regulation of the placenta evolves during preimplantation development and further gestation and appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia and GTD.Abstract:
results: Epigenetic regulation of the placenta evolves during preimplantation development and further gestation. Epigenetic marks, like DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs, affect gene expression patterns. These expression patterns, including the important parent-of-origin-dependent gene expression resulting from genomic imprinting, play a pivotal role in proper fetal and placental development. Disturbed placental epigenetics has been demonstrated in cases of intrauterine growth retardation and small for gestational age, and also appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia and GTD. Several environmental effects have been investigated so far, e.g. ethanol, oxygen tension as well as the effect of several aspects of assisted reproduction technologies on placental epigenetics. conclusions: Studies in both animals and humans have made it increasingly clear that proper epigenetic regulation of both imprinted and non-imprinted genes is important in placental development. Its disturbance, which can be caused by various environmental factors, can lead to abnormal placental development and function with possible consequences for maternal morbidity, fetal development and disease susceptibility in later life.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Why do singletons conceived after assisted reproduction technology have adverse perinatal outcome? Systematic review and meta-analysis
Anja Pinborg,U.B. Wennerholm,L.B. Romundstad,Annika Loft,Kristiina Aittomäki,Viveca Söderström-Anttila,K.G. Nygren,J. Hazekamp,Christina Bergh +8 more
TL;DR: Subfertility is a major risk factor for adverse perinatal outcome in ART singletons, however, even in the same mother an ART singleton has a poorer outcome than the non-ART sibling; hence, factors related to the hormone stimulation and/or IVF methods per se also may play a part.
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Linking prenatal maternal adversity to developmental outcomes in infants: The role of epigenetic pathways
TL;DR: Evidence illustrating the association between maternal prenatal distress and both fetal and infant developmental trajectories and the potential role of epigenetic mechanisms in mediating these effects are discussed.
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Sex-Specific Placental Responses in Fetal Development
TL;DR: Evidence that various species, including humans, exhibit normal sex-dependent structural and functional placental differences will be examined followed by how in utero environmental changes (nutritional state, stress, and exposure to environmental chemicals) might interact with fetal sex to affect this organ.
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Perinatal outcomes of children born after frozen-thawed embryo transfer: a Nordic cohort study from the CoNARTaS group
Ulla-Britt Wennerholm,Anna-Karina Aaris Henningsen,Liv Bente Romundstad,Christina Bergh,Anja Pinborg,Rolv Skjærven,Julie Lyng Forman,Mika Gissler,Karl-Gösta Nygren,Aila Tiitinen +9 more
TL;DR: Singletons born after FET have a better perinatal outcome compared with singletons Born after fresh IVF and ICSI as regards low birthweight (LBW) and preterm birth (PTB), but a worse per inatal outcomeCompared with children conceived after spontaneous conception.
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Environmental epigenetics: prospects for studying epigenetic mediation of exposure–response relationships
Victoria K. Cortessis,Duncan C. Thomas,A. Joan Levine,Carrie V. Breton,Thomas M. Mack,Kimberly D. Siegmund,Robert W. Haile,Peter W. Laird +7 more
TL;DR: Some of the challenges in studying epigenetic mediation of pathogenesis are discussed and some unique opportunities for exploring these phenomena are described.
References
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Assisted reproduction: the epigenetic perspective
TL;DR: It is argued that both normal and abnormal development in children conceived by ART can be explained by epigenetic mechanisms, which control the establishment and maintenance of gene expression patterns in the placenta and fetus.
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Imprinted genes in the placenta – A review
TL;DR: The current information on, and suggest possible functional roles for, imprinted genes in placental development are reviewed and several mouse models demonstrate that fetal and placental growth may be regulated by imprinting genes.
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Superovulation of female mice delays embryonic and fetal development
TL;DR: Testing the hypothesis that superovulation in the mouse causes a delayed embryonic development in vitro and in vivo, an increased abnormal blastocyst formation, a pronounced fetal growth retardation, and an increased number of resorption sites suggests this observation in mice can be extrapolated to humans.
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Superovulation alters the expression of imprinted genes in the midgestation mouse placenta
TL;DR: The results show that both maternally and paternally methylated imprinted imprinted genes were affected, suggesting that superovulation compromises oocyte quality and interferes with the maintenance of imprinting during preimplantation development.
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The function of non-coding RNAs in genomic imprinting.
TL;DR: In this paper, a better understanding of these downstream mechanisms will help to improve our general understanding of the function of ncRNAs throughout the genome, which is a common feature of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes.