Epigenetics and the placenta
TLDR
Epigenetic regulation of the placenta evolves during preimplantation development and further gestation and appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia and GTD.Abstract:
results: Epigenetic regulation of the placenta evolves during preimplantation development and further gestation. Epigenetic marks, like DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs, affect gene expression patterns. These expression patterns, including the important parent-of-origin-dependent gene expression resulting from genomic imprinting, play a pivotal role in proper fetal and placental development. Disturbed placental epigenetics has been demonstrated in cases of intrauterine growth retardation and small for gestational age, and also appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia and GTD. Several environmental effects have been investigated so far, e.g. ethanol, oxygen tension as well as the effect of several aspects of assisted reproduction technologies on placental epigenetics. conclusions: Studies in both animals and humans have made it increasingly clear that proper epigenetic regulation of both imprinted and non-imprinted genes is important in placental development. Its disturbance, which can be caused by various environmental factors, can lead to abnormal placental development and function with possible consequences for maternal morbidity, fetal development and disease susceptibility in later life.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Why do singletons conceived after assisted reproduction technology have adverse perinatal outcome? Systematic review and meta-analysis
Anja Pinborg,U.B. Wennerholm,L.B. Romundstad,Annika Loft,Kristiina Aittomäki,Viveca Söderström-Anttila,K.G. Nygren,J. Hazekamp,Christina Bergh +8 more
TL;DR: Subfertility is a major risk factor for adverse perinatal outcome in ART singletons, however, even in the same mother an ART singleton has a poorer outcome than the non-ART sibling; hence, factors related to the hormone stimulation and/or IVF methods per se also may play a part.
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Linking prenatal maternal adversity to developmental outcomes in infants: The role of epigenetic pathways
TL;DR: Evidence illustrating the association between maternal prenatal distress and both fetal and infant developmental trajectories and the potential role of epigenetic mechanisms in mediating these effects are discussed.
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Sex-Specific Placental Responses in Fetal Development
TL;DR: Evidence that various species, including humans, exhibit normal sex-dependent structural and functional placental differences will be examined followed by how in utero environmental changes (nutritional state, stress, and exposure to environmental chemicals) might interact with fetal sex to affect this organ.
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Perinatal outcomes of children born after frozen-thawed embryo transfer: a Nordic cohort study from the CoNARTaS group
Ulla-Britt Wennerholm,Anna-Karina Aaris Henningsen,Liv Bente Romundstad,Christina Bergh,Anja Pinborg,Rolv Skjærven,Julie Lyng Forman,Mika Gissler,Karl-Gösta Nygren,Aila Tiitinen +9 more
TL;DR: Singletons born after FET have a better perinatal outcome compared with singletons Born after fresh IVF and ICSI as regards low birthweight (LBW) and preterm birth (PTB), but a worse per inatal outcomeCompared with children conceived after spontaneous conception.
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Environmental epigenetics: prospects for studying epigenetic mediation of exposure–response relationships
Victoria K. Cortessis,Duncan C. Thomas,A. Joan Levine,Carrie V. Breton,Thomas M. Mack,Kimberly D. Siegmund,Robert W. Haile,Peter W. Laird +7 more
TL;DR: Some of the challenges in studying epigenetic mediation of pathogenesis are discussed and some unique opportunities for exploring these phenomena are described.
References
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Gene Silencing in Cancer in Association with Promoter Hypermethylation
TL;DR: The mechanisms of gene silencing in cancer and clinical applications of this phenomenon are reviewed, especially tumor-suppressor genes.
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Epigenetic Reprogramming in Mammalian Development
Wolf Reik,Wendy Dean,Jörn Walter +2 more
TL;DR: What is known about reprogramming in mammals and how it might relate to developmental potency and imprinting are discussed, including whether or not methylation is involved in the control of gene expression during normal development.
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Perceptions of epigenetics
TL;DR: During the past year, more than 2,500 articles, numerous scientific meetings and a new journal were devoted to the subject of epigenetics, portrayed by the popular press as a revolutionary new science — an antidote to the idea that the authors are hard-wired by their genes.
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Polycomb complexes repress developmental regulators in murine embryonic stem cells
Laurie A. Boyer,Kathrin Plath,Kathrin Plath,Julia Zeitlinger,Tobias Brambrink,Lea Ann Medeiros,Tong Ihn Lee,Stuart S. Levine,Marius Wernig,Adriana Tajonar,Mridula K. Ray,George W. Bell,Arie P. Otte,Miguel Vidal,David K. Gifford,Richard A. Young,Rudolf Jaenisch +16 more
TL;DR: It is shown that PcG proteins directly repress a large cohort of developmental regulators in murine ES cells, the expression of which would otherwise promote differentiation, and dynamic repression of developmental pathways by Polycomb complexes may be required for maintaining ES cell pluripotency and plasticity during embryonic development.
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Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (syndrome X): relation to reduced fetal growth
TL;DR: It is concluded that Type 2 diabetes and hypertension have a common origin in sub-optimal development in utero, and that syndrome X should perhaps be re-named “the small-baby syndrome”.