Exosomes: A Novel Pathway of Local and Distant Intercellular Communication that Facilitates the Growth and Metastasis of Neoplastic Lesions
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TLDR
How exosomes and related extracellular microvesicle facilitate the progression and metastases of cancers are reviewed and how these microvesicles may affect clinical care are described.Abstract:
Normal and diseased cells release bilayered membrane-bound nanovesicles into interstitial spaces and into bodily fluids. A subgroup of such microvesicles is called exosomes and is described in blood as 30 to 100 nm in diameter and as spherical to cup-shaped nanoparticles with specific surface molecular characteristics (eg, expression of the tetraspanins CD9, CD81, and CD63). Extracellular microvesicles provide local signals (eg, autocrine and paracrine) and distant endocrine signals to cells via the transfer of their contents, which include signal proteins, lipids, miRNAs, and functional mRNAs. Exosomes and related microvesicles also aid cells in exporting less-needed molecules and potentially harmful molecules, including drugs; in the case of neoplasia, the export of chemotherapeutic drugs may facilitate cellular chemoresistance. Cancers have adapted the exosome and related microvesicles as a pathway by which neoplastic cells communicate with each other (autocrine) and with nonneoplastic cells (paracrine and endocrine); via this pathway, cancer suppresses the immune system and establishes a fertile local and distant environment to support neoplastic growth, invasion, and metastases. Because exosomes mirror and bind to the cells from which they arise, they can be used for delivery of drugs, vaccines, and gene therapy, as biomarkers and targets. We review how exosomes and related extracellular microvesicles facilitate the progression and metastases of cancers and describe how these microvesicles may affect clinical care.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Exosomes: composition, biogenesis, and mechanisms in cancer metastasis and drug resistance
Ladan Mashouri,Hassan Yousefi,Amir Reza Aref,Ali Mohammad Ahadi,Fatemeh Molaei,Suresh K. Alahari +5 more
TL;DR: Understanding exosome biogenesis, their contents and the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that are responsible for metastasis and drug-resistance mediated by TDEs may help to devise novel therapeutic approaches for cancer progression particularly to overcome therapy-res resistance and preventing metastasis as major factors of cancer mortality.
Book ChapterDOI
Tumor-Derived Exosomes and Their Role in Cancer Progression.
TL;DR: Tumor-derived exosomes may interfere with cancer immunotherapy, but they also could serve as adjuvants and antigenic components of antitumor vaccines and are of potential interest as noninvasive biomarkers of cancer.
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Extracellular Vesicle Heterogeneity: Subpopulations, Isolation Techniques, and Diverse Functions in Cancer Progression
Eduard Willms,Carlos Cabañas,Carlos Cabañas,Imre Mäger,Imre Mäger,Matthew J.A. Wood,Pieter Vader,Pieter Vader +7 more
TL;DR: Current knowledge regarding the role of subpopulations of EVs in cancer development and progression and the relevance of EV heterogeneity are discussed and the position of tetraspanins and integrins therein will be highlighted.
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Exosomes and tumor-mediated immune suppression
TL;DR: In the tumor microenvironment, TEX may be involved in operating numerous signaling pathways responsible for the downregulation of antitumor immunity, and have the potential to serve as noninvasive biomarkers of tumor progression.
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Hypoxia-inducible factors and RAB22A mediate formation of microvesicles that stimulate breast cancer invasion and metastasis
Ting Wang,Daniele M. Gilkes,Naoharu Takano,Lisha Xiang,Weibo Luo,Corey J. Bishop,Pallavi Chaturvedi,Jordan J. Green,Gregg L. Semenza +8 more
TL;DR: Exposure of human breast cancer cells to hypoxia augments MV shedding that is mediated by the HIF-dependent expression of the small GTPase RAB22A, which colocalizes with budding MVs at the cell surface.
References
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Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells
TL;DR: It is shown that exosomes contain both mRNA and microRNA, which can be delivered to another cell, and can be functional in this new location, and it is proposed that this RNA is called “exosomal shuttle RNA” (esRNA).
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TL;DR: The physical properties that define exosomes as a specific population of secreted vesicles are described, their biological effects, particularly on the immune system, are summarized, and the potential roles that secretedvesicles could have as intercellular messengers are discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Glioblastoma microvesicles transport RNA and proteins that promote tumour growth and provide diagnostic biomarkers
Johan Skog,T. Wurdinger,van Rijn S,Dimphna H. Meijer,Gainche L,Miguel Sena-Esteves,William T. Curry,Bob S. Carter,Anna M. Krichevsky,Xandra O. Breakefield +9 more
TL;DR: Tumour-derived microvesicles may provide diagnostic information and aid in therapeutic decisions for cancer patients through a blood test by incorporating an mRNA for a reporter protein into them, and it is demonstrated that messages delivered by microvesicle are translated by recipient cells.
Journal ArticleDOI
Melanoma exosomes educate bone marrow progenitor cells toward a pro-metastatic phenotype through MET
Héctor Peinado,Maša Alečković,Simon Lavotshkin,Irina Matei,Bruno Costa-Silva,Gema Moreno-Bueno,Marta Hergueta-Redondo,Caitlin Williams,Guillermo García-Santos,Cyrus M. Ghajar,Ayuko Nitadori-Hoshino,Caitlin Hoffman,Karen Badal,Benjamin A. Garcia,Margaret K. Callahan,Jianda Yuan,Vilma R. Martins,Johan Skog,Rosandra N. Kaplan,Mary S. Brady,Jedd D. Wolchok,Jedd D. Wolchok,Paul B. Chapman,Paul B. Chapman,Yibin Kang,Yibin Kang,Jacqueline Bromberg,Jacqueline Bromberg,David Lyden +28 more
TL;DR: The data show that exosome production, transfer and education of bone marrow cells supports tumor growth and metastasis, has prognostic value and offers promise for new therapeutic directions in the metastatic process.
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