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Journal ArticleDOI

HMG-1 as a Late Mediator of Endotoxin Lethality in Mice

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TLDR
High mobility group-1 (HMG-1) protein was found to be released by cultured macrophages more than 8 hours after stimulation with endotoxin, TNF, or IL-1, and showed increased serum levels after endotoxin exposure, suggesting that this protein warrants investigation as a therapeutic target.
Abstract
Endotoxin, a constituent of Gram-negative bacteria, stimulates macrophages to release large quantities of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1), which can precipitate tissue injury and lethal shock (endotoxemia). Antagonists of TNF and IL-1 have shown limited efficacy in clinical trials, possibly because these cytokines are early mediators in pathogenesis. Here a potential late mediator of lethality is identified and characterized in a mouse model. High mobility group-1 (HMG-1) protein was found to be released by cultured macrophages more than 8 hours after stimulation with endotoxin, TNF, or IL-1. Mice showed increased serum levels of HMG-1 from 8 to 32 hours after endotoxin exposure. Delayed administration of antibodies to HMG-1 attenuated endotoxin lethality in mice, and administration of HMG-1 itself was lethal. Septic patients who succumbed to infection had increased serum HMG-1 levels, suggesting that this protein warrants investigation as a therapeutic target.

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TL;DR: It is demonstrated that increased serum HMGB1 level is associated with CAD in nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic patients, so did other major conventional risk factors.
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Receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in a dash to the rescue: inflammatory signals gone awry in the primal response to stress.

TL;DR: The concept that the ligands of RAGE comprise a primal program in the acute response to stress is suggested, which suggests that the function of these ligand families may be transformed from ones linked to rapid repair to those that drive chronic disease.
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β2-Adrenoreceptors of regulatory lymphocytes are essential for vagal neuromodulation of the innate immune system.

TL;DR: Results indicate that β2‐adrenoceptors in regulatory lymphocytes are critical for the anti‐inflammatory potential of the parasympathetic vagus nerve, and they represent a potential pharmacological target for sepsis.
Journal ArticleDOI

The expression of HMGB1 protein and its receptor RAGE in human malignant tumors.

TL;DR: The expression of HMGB1 protein in malignant human tumors of different differentiation level and in tumor metastasis is studied and it is found that in metastatic cells, RAGE exhibits higher level of expression losing its specific granular cytosolic pattern characteristic for the primary tumors.
Journal ArticleDOI

Toll-Like Receptor 4 Has an Essential Role in Early Skin Wound Healing

TL;DR: The results suggest that inflammatory cytokine production by injured NHEK is stimulated via the TLR4-p38 and JNK MAPK signaling pathway, and provide evidence for a role ofTLR4 at sites of injury, and suggest that TLR 4 is an important regulator of wound inflammation.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Defective LPS Signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr Mice: Mutations in Tlr4 Gene

TL;DR: The mammalian Tlr4 protein has been adapted primarily to subserve the recognition of LPS and presumably transduces the LPS signal across the plasma membrane.
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Shock and tissue injury induced by recombinant human cachectin.

TL;DR: It appears that a single protein mediator (cachectin) is capable of inducing many of the deleterious effects of endotoxin.
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Anti-cachectin/TNF monoclonal antibodies prevent septic shock during lethal bacteraemia

TL;DR: Protection against shock, vital organ dysfunction, persistent stress hormone release and death was conferred by administration of antibodies 2 h before bacterial infusion, indicating that cachectin is a mediator of fatal bacteraemic shock and suggesting that antibodies against Cachectin offer a potential therapy of life-threatening infection.
Journal ArticleDOI

Detection of circulating tumor necrosis factor after endotoxin administration.

TL;DR: It is concluded that the response to endotoxin is associated with a brief pulse of circulating tumor necrosis factor and that the resultant responses are effected through the cyclooxygenase pathway.
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