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Journal ArticleDOI

HMG-1 as a Late Mediator of Endotoxin Lethality in Mice

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TLDR
High mobility group-1 (HMG-1) protein was found to be released by cultured macrophages more than 8 hours after stimulation with endotoxin, TNF, or IL-1, and showed increased serum levels after endotoxin exposure, suggesting that this protein warrants investigation as a therapeutic target.
Abstract
Endotoxin, a constituent of Gram-negative bacteria, stimulates macrophages to release large quantities of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1), which can precipitate tissue injury and lethal shock (endotoxemia). Antagonists of TNF and IL-1 have shown limited efficacy in clinical trials, possibly because these cytokines are early mediators in pathogenesis. Here a potential late mediator of lethality is identified and characterized in a mouse model. High mobility group-1 (HMG-1) protein was found to be released by cultured macrophages more than 8 hours after stimulation with endotoxin, TNF, or IL-1. Mice showed increased serum levels of HMG-1 from 8 to 32 hours after endotoxin exposure. Delayed administration of antibodies to HMG-1 attenuated endotoxin lethality in mice, and administration of HMG-1 itself was lethal. Septic patients who succumbed to infection had increased serum HMG-1 levels, suggesting that this protein warrants investigation as a therapeutic target.

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Journal ArticleDOI

Molecular hydrogen protects mice against polymicrobial sepsis by ameliorating endothelial dysfunction via an Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway ☆

TL;DR: H2 regulated endothelial injury and the inflammatory response via Nrf2-mediated HO-1 levels and could elevate anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 levels in LPS-stimulated HUVECs and in lung tissue from CLP mice, suggesting that H2 could suppress excessive inflammatory responses and endothelial Injury via an Nrf1/HO-1 pathway.
Book ChapterDOI

HMGB1 in the immunology of sepsis (not septic shock) and arthritis.

TL;DR: Evidence implicating high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) as an immunological mediator of severe sepsis is discussed and renewed interest in a molecule first described as an abundant nuclear and cytosolic DNA-binding protein is renewed.
Journal ArticleDOI

Temporal and spatial patterns of endogenous danger signal expression after wound healing and in response to lymphedema.

TL;DR: HMGB1 and HSP70 are expressed along spatial gradients and upregulated in chronic lymphatic fluid stasis and acute expression of endogenous danger signals may play a role in inflammatory lymphangiogenesis.
Journal ArticleDOI

Targeting high mobility group box 1 as a late-acting mediator of inflammation.

TL;DR: It is suggested that successful clinical management of sepsis may be dependent on identification of late-acting, downstream lethal mediators that can be targeted in a broader therapeutic window.
Journal ArticleDOI

Significant (re)location: how to use chromatin and/or abundant proteins as messages of life and death

TL;DR: This article will argue that any protein in a segregated compartment can be useful for signalling purposes when it leaves its usual location.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Defective LPS Signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr Mice: Mutations in Tlr4 Gene

TL;DR: The mammalian Tlr4 protein has been adapted primarily to subserve the recognition of LPS and presumably transduces the LPS signal across the plasma membrane.
Journal ArticleDOI

Shock and tissue injury induced by recombinant human cachectin.

TL;DR: It appears that a single protein mediator (cachectin) is capable of inducing many of the deleterious effects of endotoxin.
Journal ArticleDOI

Anti-cachectin/TNF monoclonal antibodies prevent septic shock during lethal bacteraemia

TL;DR: Protection against shock, vital organ dysfunction, persistent stress hormone release and death was conferred by administration of antibodies 2 h before bacterial infusion, indicating that cachectin is a mediator of fatal bacteraemic shock and suggesting that antibodies against Cachectin offer a potential therapy of life-threatening infection.
Journal ArticleDOI

Detection of circulating tumor necrosis factor after endotoxin administration.

TL;DR: It is concluded that the response to endotoxin is associated with a brief pulse of circulating tumor necrosis factor and that the resultant responses are effected through the cyclooxygenase pathway.
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