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Journal ArticleDOI

HMG-1 as a Late Mediator of Endotoxin Lethality in Mice

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TLDR
High mobility group-1 (HMG-1) protein was found to be released by cultured macrophages more than 8 hours after stimulation with endotoxin, TNF, or IL-1, and showed increased serum levels after endotoxin exposure, suggesting that this protein warrants investigation as a therapeutic target.
Abstract
Endotoxin, a constituent of Gram-negative bacteria, stimulates macrophages to release large quantities of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1), which can precipitate tissue injury and lethal shock (endotoxemia). Antagonists of TNF and IL-1 have shown limited efficacy in clinical trials, possibly because these cytokines are early mediators in pathogenesis. Here a potential late mediator of lethality is identified and characterized in a mouse model. High mobility group-1 (HMG-1) protein was found to be released by cultured macrophages more than 8 hours after stimulation with endotoxin, TNF, or IL-1. Mice showed increased serum levels of HMG-1 from 8 to 32 hours after endotoxin exposure. Delayed administration of antibodies to HMG-1 attenuated endotoxin lethality in mice, and administration of HMG-1 itself was lethal. Septic patients who succumbed to infection had increased serum HMG-1 levels, suggesting that this protein warrants investigation as a therapeutic target.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulates gingival epithelial cells to release high mobility-group box 1.

TL;DR: High-mobility-group box 1 is continuously released from the gingival epithelial cells modulated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha, implying that high-mobiliary box 1 expression and possibly p38MAPK constitute important features in periodontitis.
Journal ArticleDOI

Cell death in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases: the role of HMGB1 and DAMP-PAMP complexes.

TL;DR: Studies on the role of HMGB1 in pathogenesis suggest that the formation of extracellular complexes is an important mechanism for generating pro-inflammatory signals during cell death and therefore could be a potential target of new therapy.
Journal ArticleDOI

Interleukin-1α and HMGB1 Mediate Hippocampal Dysfunction in SIGIRR-Deficient Mice

TL;DR: The functional role of SIGIRR is highlighted in regulating inflammatory-mediated synaptic and cognitive decline, and evidence of the key role of HMGB1 is described, as enhanced expression of both cytokines in the hippocampus of SIGirR−/− mice is identified.
Journal ArticleDOI

Glycyrrhizin reduces HMGB1 secretion in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 cells and endotoxemic mice by p38/Nrf2-dependent induction of HO-1

TL;DR: It is concluded that glycyrrhizin reduces HMGB1 secretion in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW 264.7 cells and endotoxemic mice by p38/Nrf2-dependent induction of HO-1.
Patent

High affinity antibodies against hmgb1 and methods of use thereof

TL;DR: In this article, high affinity antibodies that specifically bind HMG1 and antigenic fragments thereof are used to inhibit the release of a proinflammatory cytokine from a vertebrate cell, and for inhibiting an inflammatory cytokine cascade in a patient.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Defective LPS Signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr Mice: Mutations in Tlr4 Gene

TL;DR: The mammalian Tlr4 protein has been adapted primarily to subserve the recognition of LPS and presumably transduces the LPS signal across the plasma membrane.
Journal ArticleDOI

Shock and tissue injury induced by recombinant human cachectin.

TL;DR: It appears that a single protein mediator (cachectin) is capable of inducing many of the deleterious effects of endotoxin.
Journal ArticleDOI

Anti-cachectin/TNF monoclonal antibodies prevent septic shock during lethal bacteraemia

TL;DR: Protection against shock, vital organ dysfunction, persistent stress hormone release and death was conferred by administration of antibodies 2 h before bacterial infusion, indicating that cachectin is a mediator of fatal bacteraemic shock and suggesting that antibodies against Cachectin offer a potential therapy of life-threatening infection.
Journal ArticleDOI

Detection of circulating tumor necrosis factor after endotoxin administration.

TL;DR: It is concluded that the response to endotoxin is associated with a brief pulse of circulating tumor necrosis factor and that the resultant responses are effected through the cyclooxygenase pathway.
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