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Journal ArticleDOI

HMG-1 as a Late Mediator of Endotoxin Lethality in Mice

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TLDR
High mobility group-1 (HMG-1) protein was found to be released by cultured macrophages more than 8 hours after stimulation with endotoxin, TNF, or IL-1, and showed increased serum levels after endotoxin exposure, suggesting that this protein warrants investigation as a therapeutic target.
Abstract
Endotoxin, a constituent of Gram-negative bacteria, stimulates macrophages to release large quantities of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-1 (IL-1), which can precipitate tissue injury and lethal shock (endotoxemia). Antagonists of TNF and IL-1 have shown limited efficacy in clinical trials, possibly because these cytokines are early mediators in pathogenesis. Here a potential late mediator of lethality is identified and characterized in a mouse model. High mobility group-1 (HMG-1) protein was found to be released by cultured macrophages more than 8 hours after stimulation with endotoxin, TNF, or IL-1. Mice showed increased serum levels of HMG-1 from 8 to 32 hours after endotoxin exposure. Delayed administration of antibodies to HMG-1 attenuated endotoxin lethality in mice, and administration of HMG-1 itself was lethal. Septic patients who succumbed to infection had increased serum HMG-1 levels, suggesting that this protein warrants investigation as a therapeutic target.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI

HMGB1: endogenous danger signaling.

TL;DR: The complex functions of HMGB1 as an archetypical alarmin are outlined here to review the current understanding of a molecule that holds the potential for treatment in many important human conditions.
Journal Article

Dampening inflammation by modulating tlr signalling

Kim S. Midwood
- 01 Jan 2011 - 
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the current knowledge about distinct signalling cascades resulting from self TLR activation and highlight the involvement of endogenous TLR activators in disease and highlight how specifically targeting DAMPs may yield therapies that do not globally suppress the immune system.
Journal ArticleDOI

The biology of the receptor for advanced glycation end products and its ligands.

TL;DR: It is hypothesize that RAGE-ligand interaction is a propagation factor in a range of chronic disorders, based on the enhanced accumulation of the ligands in diseased tissues, which is magnified via the apparent capacity of ligands to upregulate the receptor.
Journal ArticleDOI

HMGB1 in Health and Disease

TL;DR: High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), the most abundant and well-studied HMG protein, senses and coordinates the cellular stress response and plays a critical role not only inside of the cell as a DNA chaperone, chromosome guardian, autophagy sustainer, and protector from apoptotic cell death, but also outside thecell as the prototypic damage associated molecular pattern molecule (DAMP).
References
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Journal ArticleDOI

Defective LPS Signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr Mice: Mutations in Tlr4 Gene

TL;DR: The mammalian Tlr4 protein has been adapted primarily to subserve the recognition of LPS and presumably transduces the LPS signal across the plasma membrane.
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Shock and tissue injury induced by recombinant human cachectin.

TL;DR: It appears that a single protein mediator (cachectin) is capable of inducing many of the deleterious effects of endotoxin.
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Anti-cachectin/TNF monoclonal antibodies prevent septic shock during lethal bacteraemia

TL;DR: Protection against shock, vital organ dysfunction, persistent stress hormone release and death was conferred by administration of antibodies 2 h before bacterial infusion, indicating that cachectin is a mediator of fatal bacteraemic shock and suggesting that antibodies against Cachectin offer a potential therapy of life-threatening infection.
Journal ArticleDOI

Detection of circulating tumor necrosis factor after endotoxin administration.

TL;DR: It is concluded that the response to endotoxin is associated with a brief pulse of circulating tumor necrosis factor and that the resultant responses are effected through the cyclooxygenase pathway.
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