Journal ArticleDOI
Major results from the stellarator Wendelstein 7-AS (Review Article)
M. Hirsch,J. Baldzuhn,C. D. Beidler,R. Brakel,R. Burhenn,Andreas Dinklage,H. Ehmler,M. Endler,V. Erckmann,Y. Feng,J. Geiger,L. Giannone,G. Grieger,P. Grigull,H. J. Hartfuss,D. A. Hartmann,R. Jaenicke,R. König,H. P. Laqua,H. Maassberg,K. McCormick,F. Sardei,E. Speth,Ulrich Stroth,Friedrich E. Wagner,A. Weller,A. Werner,S. Zoletnik,W As Team +28 more
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TLDR
Wendelstein 7-AS was the first modular stellarator device to test some basic elements of stellarator optimization: a reduced Shafranov shift and improved stability properties resulted in β-values up to 3.4% as discussed by the authors.Abstract:
Wendelstein 7-AS was the first modular stellarator device to test some basic elements of stellarator optimization: a reduced Shafranov shift and improved stability properties resulted in β-values up to 3.4% (at 0.9 T). This operational limit was determined by power balance and impurity radiation without noticeable degradation of stability or a violent collapse. The partial reduction of neoclassical transport could be verified in agreement with calculations indicating the feasibility of the concept of drift optimization. A full neoclassical optimization, in particular a minimization of the bootstrap current was beyond the scope of this project. A variety of non-ohmic heating and current drive scenarios by ICRH, NBI and in particular, ECRH were tested and compared successfully with their theoretical predictions. Besides, new heating schemes of overdense plasmas were developed such as RF mode conversion heating—Ordinary mode, Extraordinary mode, Bernstein-wave (OXB) heating—or 2nd harmonic O-mode (O2) heating. The energy confinement was about a factor of 2 above ISS95 without degradation near operational boundaries. A number of improved confinement regimes such as core electron-root confinement with central Te ≤ 7 keV and regimes with strongly sheared radial electric field at the plasma edge resulting in Ti ≤ 1.7 keV were obtained. As the first non-tokamak device, W7-AS achieved the H-mode and moreover developed a high density H-mode regime (HDH) with strongly reduced impurity confinement that allowed quasi-steady-state operation (τ ≈ 65 · τE) at densities (at 2.5 T). The first island divertor was tested successfully and operated with stable partial detachment in agreement with numerical simulations. With these results W7-AS laid the physics background for operation of an optimized low-shear steady-state stellarator.read more
Citations
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Benchmarking of the mono-energetic transport coefficients - Results from the International Collaboration on Neoclassical Transport in Stellarators (ICNTS)
C. D. Beidler,K. Allmaier,M. Yu. Isaev,Sergei Kasilov,Winfried Kernbichler,G. O. Leitold,H. Maaßberg,D. R. Mikkelsen,S. Murakami,M. Schmidt,Donald A. Spong,Victor Tribaldos,A. Wakasa +12 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the results for the three mono-energetic transport coefficients required for a complete neoclassical description of stellarator plasmas have been benchmarked within an international collaboration.
Journal ArticleDOI
Major results from the first plasma campaign of the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator
R. C. Wolf,Adnan Ali,A. Alonso,J. Baldzuhn,C. D. Beidler,M. N. A. Beurskens,Christoph Biedermann,Hans-Stephan Bosch,S. A. Bozhenkov,R. Brakel,Andreas Dinklage,Y. Feng,G. Fuchert,J. Geiger,Olaf Grulke,Per Helander,M. Hirsch,U. Höfel,M. W. Jakubowski,J. P. Knauer,G. Kocsis,R. König,P. Kornejew,A. Krämer-Flecken,M. Krychowiak,Matt Landreman,Andreas Langenberg,Heinrich P. Laqua,Samuel Lazerson,H. Maaßberg,S. Marsen,M. Marushchenko,Dmitry Moseev,Holger Niemann,N. A. Pablant,E. Pasch,Kian Rahbarnia,G. Schlisio,Torsten Stange,T. Sunn Pedersen,J. Svensson,Tamás Szepesi,H. Trimino Mora,Yu. Turkin,Tom Wauters,G. M. Weir,U. Wenzel,T. Windisch,G. A. Wurden,D. Zhang,I. Abramovic,Simppa Äkäslompolo,P. Aleynikov,K. Aleynikova,Robertas Alzbutas,G. Anda,Tamara Andreeva,E. Ascasíbar,J. Assmann,Seung Gyou Baek,M. Banduch,T. Barbui,Marek Barlak,K. Baumann,Wilfried Behr,A. Benndorf,O. Bertuch,Wolfgang Biel,D. Birus,Boyd Blackwell,E. Blanco,M. Blatzheim,Torsten Bluhm,D. Böckenhoff,P. Bolgert,M. Borchardt,V. Borsuk,J. Boscary,L.-G. Böttger,H. Brand,Ch. Brandt,T. Bräuer,H. Braune,S. Brezinsek,Kai Jakob Brunner,B. Brünner,R. Burhenn,B. Buttenschön,V. Bykov,Ivan Calvo,Barbara Cannas,A. Cappa,A. Carls,L. Carraro,Bernardo B. Carvalho,Francisco Castejón,A. Charl,F. V. Chernyshev,Mark Cianciosa,Roberto Guglielmo Citarella,Łukasz Ciupiński,G. Claps,Michael Cole,M.J. Cole,Francesco Cordella,Gábor Cseh,A. Czarnecka,A. Czermak,K. Czerski,M. Czerwinski,G. Czymek,A. da Molin,A. da Silva,Günter Dammertz,J. R. Danielson,A. de la Peña,S. Degenkolbe,P. Denner,D.P. Dhard,M. Dostal,Michael Drevlak,P. Drewelow,Ph. Drews,A. Dudek,Gintautas Dundulis,F. Durodié,P. van Eeten,Florian Effenberg,G. Ehrke,M. Endler,David Ennis,E. Erckmann,H. Esteban,T. Estrada,N. Fahrenkamp,J.-H. Feist,Joris Fellinger,Horacio Fernandes,Walter H. Fietz,W. Figacz,J M Fontdecaba,O. P. Ford,T. Fornal,H. Frerichs,Alexandra M. Freund,M. Führer,T. Funaba,A. Galkowski,Gerd Gantenbein,Yu Gao,J. M. García Regaña,M. Garcia-Munoz,David Gates,Grzegorz Gawlik,Benedikt Geiger,Venanzio Giannella,N. Gierse,A. Gogoleva,B. Gonçalves,A. Goriaev,D. Gradic,M. Grahl,Jonathan T. Green,A. Grosman,Heinz Grote,M. Gruca,C. Guerard,L. Haiduk,X. Han,F. Harberts,J. H. Harris,H.-J. Hartfuß,D. A. Hartmann,Dag Hathiramani,B. Hein,Bernd Heinemann,P.J. Heitzenroeder,S. A. Henneberg,Christine Hennig,J.M. Hernández Sánchez,C. Hidalgo,H. Hölbe,K. P. Hollfeld,A. Hölting,D. Höschen,M. Houry,John Howard,X. Huang,Martina Huber,V. Huber,H. Hunger,Katsumi Ida,T. Ilkei,Stefan Illy,B. Israeli,A. A. Ivanov,S. Jablonski,Jacek Jagielski,John Jelonnek,H. Jenzsch,P. Junghans,J. Kacmarczyk,Tadas Kaliatka,J. P. Kallmeyer,U. Kamionka,R. Karalevicius,Hiroshi Kasahara,W. Kasparek,Naoki Kenmochi,M. Keunecke,A. Khilchenko,D. Kinna,R. Kleiber,Thomas Klinger,M. Knaup,Th. Kobarg,F. Köchl,Ya. I. Kolesnichenko,Axel Könies,Martin Köppen,J. Koshurinov,R. Koslowski,F. Köster,R. Koziol,Michael Kramer,R. Krampitz,P. Kraszewsk,N. Krawczyk,T. Kremeyer,T. Krings,J. Krom,G. Krzesiński,I. Ksiazek,Monika Kubkowska,Georg Kühner,Taina Kurki-Suonio,Sehyun Kwak,R. Lang,S. Langish,H. P. Laqua,R. Laube,Carsten Lechte,M. Lennartz,W. Leonhardt,L. Lewerentz,Yunfeng Liang,Ch. Linsmeier,S. C. Liu,Jim-Felix Lobsien,D. Loesser,J. Loizu Cisquella,Jeremy Lore,A. Lorenz,M. Losert,L. V. Lubyako,A. Lücke,Arnold Lumsdaine,V. V. Lutsenko,J. Majano-Brown,O. Marchuk,M. Mardenfeld,P. Marek,S. Massidda,Suguru Masuzaki,David Maurer,K. J. McCarthy,P. McNeely,Andreas Meier,D. Mellein,B. Mendelevitch,Ph. Mertens,D. R. Mikkelsen,O. Mishchenko,B. Missal,J. Mittelstaedt,T. Mizuuchi,Albert Mollén,V. Moncada,T. Mönnich,T. Morizaki,R. Munk,Sadayoshi Murakami,F. Musielok,Gábor Náfrádi,M. Nagel,Dirk Naujoks,H. Neilson,Olaf Neubauer,Ulrich Neuner,T. Ngo,Riccardo Nocentini,C. Nührenberg,J. Nührenberg,S. Obermayer,G. Offermanns,Kunihiro Ogawa,J. Ongena,J. W. Oosterbeek,G. Orozco,Matthias Otte,L. Pacios Rodriguez,W. Pan,N. Panadero,N. Panadero Alvarez,Anatoly Panin,Daniel Papenfuß,S. Paqay,Andrea Pavone,Ewa Pawelec,G. Pelka,X. Peng,V. Perseo,B.J. Peterson,A. Pieper,D. Pilopp,S. Pingel,Fabio Pisano,Burkhard Plaum,Gabriel G. Plunk,Mantas Povilaitis,Josef Preinhaelter,J. H. E. Proll,M. E. Puiatti,A. Puig Sitjes,F. Purps,M. Rack,S. Récsei,A. H. Reiman,Detlev Reiter,F. Remppel,S. Renard,R. Riedl,J. Riemann,Sigitas Rimkevicius,K. Riße,A. Rodatos,H. Röhlinger,Massimiliano Romé,P. Rong,H.-J. Roscher,B. Roth,L. Rudischhauser,K. Rummel,Th. Rummel,A. Runov,N. Rust,L. Ryć,S. Ryosuke,R. Sakamoto,Andrey Samartsev,María Sánchez,Fumimichi Sano,Shinsuke Satake,G. Satheeswaran,Jörg Schacht,Felix Schauer,T.A. Scherer,Andreas Schlaich,K. H. Schlüter,J.C. Schmitt,H. Schmitz,Oliver Schmitz,S. Schmuck,Matthias F. Schneider,Wolf-Dieter Schneider,Marek Scholz,P. Scholz,R. Schrittwieser,M. Schröder,T. Schröder,R. Schroeder,H. Schumacher,B. Schweer,B. Shanahan,I.V. Shikhovtsev,M. Sibilia,P. Sinha,S. Sipliä,Jan Skodzik,C. Slaby,H. M. Smith,W. Spiess,Donald A. Spong,Anett Spring,R. Stadler,B. Standley,Laurie Stephey,M. R. Stoneking,U. Stridde,Z. Sulek,Clifford M Surko,Yasuhiro Suzuki,V. Szabó,T. Szabolics,Z. Szökefalvi-Nagy,Naoki Tamura,Alexis Terra,J.L. Terry,J. Thomas,H. Thomsen,Manfred Thumm,C.P. von Thun,Dirk Timmermann,Peter Titus,K. Toi,J.-M. Travere,Peter Traverso,J. Tretter,Hayato Tsuchiya,Toru Ii Tsujimura,S. Tulipán,M. Turnyanskiy,B. Unterberg,Jakub Urban,Egidijus Urbonavicius,I. Vakulchyk,S. Valet,B. van Millingen,Luis Vela Vela,José Luis Velasco,M. Vergote,M. Vervier,N. Vianello,H. Viebke,R. Vilbrandt,A. Vorkörper,S. Wadle,F. Wagner,E. Wang,Nengchao Wang,Felix Warmer,L. Wegener,Jörg Weggen,Y. Wei,J. Wendorf,A. Werner,B. Wiegel,Fabian Wilde,E. Winkler,Victoria Winters,S. Wolf,J. Wolowski,A.H. Wright,P. Xanthopoulos,Hiroshi Yamada,I. Yamada,Ryo Yasuhara,M. Yokoyama,J. Zajac,M. C. Zarnstorff,A. Zeitler,Han Zhang,Jiawu Zhu,M. Zilker,Andreas Zimbal,Alessandro Zocco,S. Zoletnik,Matteo Zuin +457 more
TL;DR: The Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) as mentioned in this paper is a state-of-the-art ECRH-based system for plasma start-up and operation using electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH).
Journal ArticleDOI
Stellarator and tokamak plasmas: a comparison
Per Helander,C. D. Beidler,T M Bird,Michael Drevlak,Y. Feng,Roman Hatzky,Frank Jenko,R. Kleiber,J. H. E. Proll,Yu. Turkin,P. Xanthopoulos +10 more
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the ordinary, collisionless trapped-electron mode is stable in large parts of parameter space in stellarators that have been designed so that the parallel adiabatic invariant decreases with radius.
Journal ArticleDOI
Magnetic configuration effects on the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator
Andreas Dinklage,Andreas Dinklage,C. D. Beidler,Per Helander,Per Helander,G. Fuchert,H. Maaßberg,Kian Rahbarnia,T. Sunn Pedersen,T. Sunn Pedersen,Yu. Turkin,R. C. Wolf,R. C. Wolf,A. Alonso,Tamara Andreeva,Boyd Blackwell,S. Bozhenkov,B. Buttenschön,A. Czarnecka,Florian Effenberg,Y. Feng,J. Geiger,M. Hirsch,U. Höfel,M. W. Jakubowski,Thomas Klinger,Thomas Klinger,J. P. Knauer,G. Kocsis,A. Krämer-Flecken,Monika Kubkowska,Andreas Langenberg,H. P. Laqua,Nikolai B. Marushchenko,Albert Mollén,Ulrich Neuner,Holger Niemann,E. Pasch,N. A. Pablant,L. Rudischhauser,H. M. Smith,Oliver Schmitz,Torsten Stange,Tamás Szepesi,G. M. Weir,T. Windisch,G. A. Wurden,D. Zhang +47 more
TL;DR: In this article, the Wendelstein 7-X stellarator has been used to confine high-temperature fusion plasmas, and its magnetic field design allows good control of bootstrap currents and collisional transport.
Journal ArticleDOI
Theory of tokamak disruptionsa)
TL;DR: Theoretical guidance is needed on two disruption questions: (1) When is a tokamak operating in a metastable state in which loss of control is credible (avoidance question), and (2) What is the worst credible level of destructive effects when plasma control lost and how can these effects be mitigated (effects question).
References
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