Nosema ceranae Escapes Fumagillin Control in Honey Bees
TLDR
It was shown that spore production by Nosema ceranae, an emerging microsporidian pathogen in honey bees, increased in response to declining fumagillin concentrations, up to 100% higher than that of infected bees that have not been exposed to fumgeillin.Abstract:
Fumagillin is the only antibiotic approved for control of nosema disease in honey bees and has been extensively used in United States apiculture for more than 50 years for control of Nosema apis. It is toxic to mammals and must be applied seasonally and with caution to avoid residues in honey. Fumagillin degrades or is diluted in hives over the foraging season, exposing bees and the microsporidia to declining concentrations of the drug. We showed that spore production by Nosema ceranae, an emerging microsporidian pathogen in honey bees, increased in response to declining fumagillin concentrations, up to 100% higher than that of infected bees that have not been exposed to fumagillin. N. apis spore production was also higher, although not significantly so. Fumagillin inhibits the enzyme methionine aminopeptidase2 (MetAP2) in eukaryotic cells and interferes with protein modifications necessary for normal cell function. We sequenced the MetAP2 gene for apid Nosema species and determined that, although susceptibility to fumagillin differs among species, there are no apparent differences in fumagillin binding sites. Protein assays of uninfected bees showed that fumagillin altered structural and metabolic proteins in honey bee midgut tissues at concentrations that do not suppress microsporidia reproduction. The microsporidia, particularly N. ceranae, are apparently released from the suppressive effects of fumagillin at concentrations that continue to impact honey bee physiology. The current application protocol for fumagillin may exacerbate N. ceranae infection rather than suppress it.read more
Citations
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Book ChapterDOI
Microsporidia in Insects
TL;DR: This chapter highlights the biological and life cycle features of entomogenous microsporidia and provides some basic information on their taxonomic distribution and diagnostic information which is primarily restricted to the features of sporulation and the spore.
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Honey Bee Toxicology
TL;DR: This review takes a holistic view of bee toxicology by taking into account the spectrum of xenobiotics to which bees are exposed, and finds that honey bees are adapted to tolerate and even thrive in the presence of toxic compounds that occur naturally in their environment.
Journal ArticleDOI
Microsporidia – Emergent Pathogens in the Global Food Chain
Grant D. Stentiford,James J. Becnel,Louis M. Weiss,Patrick J. Keeling,Elizabeth S. Didier,Bryony A. P. Williams,S. Bjornson,Michael L. Kent,Mark A. Freeman,Mark J. F. Brown,Emily R. Troemel,Kristina Roesel,Yuliya Y. Sokolova,Karen F. Snowden,Leellen F Solter +14 more
TL;DR: Strong evidence exists for an increasing prevalence of microsporidiosis in animals and humans, and for sharing of pathogens across hosts and biomes.
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Yeast‐insect associations: It takes guts
TL;DR: An intensive characterization of the interactions between yeasts and insects has highlighted their relevance not only for attraction to food but also for the insect's development and behaviour.
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Nosema ceranae in Apis mellifera: a 12 years postdetection perspective
Raquel Martín-Hernández,Carolina Bartolomé,Nor Chejanovsky,Yves Le Conte,Anne Dalmon,Claudia Dussaubat,Pilar García-Palencia,Aránzazu Meana,M. Alice Pinto,Victoria Soroker,Mariano Higes +10 more
TL;DR: This review presents an update of the knowledge generated in the last 12 years in the field of N. ceranae research, addressing the routes of transmission, population structure and genetic diversity, and describes how the infection modifies the honey bee's metabolism, the immune response and other vital functions.
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