Resistance to BRAF Inhibition in BRAF-Mutant Colon Cancer Can Be Overcome with PI3K Inhibition or Demethylating Agents
Muling Mao,Feng Tian,John M. Mariadason,Chun C. Tsao,Robert Lemos,Farshid Dayyani,Y.N. Vashisht Gopal,Zhi-Qin Jiang,Ignacio I. Wistuba,Xi M. Tang,William G. Bornman,Gideon Bollag,Gordon B. Mills,Garth Powis,Jayesh Desai,Gary E. Gallick,Michael A. Davies,Scott Kopetz +17 more
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TLDR
It is shown that activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway is a mechanism of both innate and acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors in BRAFV600E CRC and suggest combinatorial approaches to improve outcomes in this poor prognosis subset of patients.Abstract:
Purpose: Vemurafenib, a selective inhibitor of BRAF V600 , has shown significant activity in BRAF V600 melanoma but not in less than 10% of metastatic BRAF V600 colorectal cancers (CRC), suggesting that studies of the unique hypermethylated phenotype and concurrent oncogenic activation of BRAF mut CRC may provide combinatorial strategies. Experimental Design: We conducted comparative proteomic analysis of BRAF V600E melanoma and CRC cell lines, followed by correlation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway activation and sensitivity to the vemurafenib analogue PLX4720. Pharmacologic inhibitors and siRNA were used in combination with PLX4720 to inhibit PI3K and methyltransferase in cell lines and murine models. Results: Compared with melanoma, CRC lines show higher levels of PI3K/AKT pathway activation. CRC cell lines with mutations in PTEN or PIK3CA were less sensitive to growth inhibition by PLX4720 ( P = 0.03), and knockdown of PTEN expression in sensitive CRC cells reduced growth inhibition by the drug. Combined treatment of PLX4720 with PI3K inhibitors caused synergistic growth inhibition in BRAF-mutant CRC cells with both primary and secondary resistance. In addition, methyltransferase inhibition was synergistic with PLX4720 and decreased AKT activation. In vivo , PLX4720 combined with either inhibitors of AKT or methyltransferase showed greater tumor growth inhibition than PLX4720 alone. Clones with acquired resistance to PLX4720 in vitro showed PI3K/AKT activation with EGF receptor (EGFR) or KRAS amplification. Conclusions: We show that activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway is a mechanism of both innate and acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors in BRAF V600E CRC and suggest combinatorial approaches to improve outcomes in this poor prognosis subset of patients. Clin Cancer Res; 19(3); 657–67. ©2012 AACR .read more
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COT drives resistance to RAF inhibition through MAP kinase pathway reactivation
Cory M. Johannessen,Jesse S. Boehm,So Young Kim,Sapana R. Thomas,Sapana R. Thomas,Leslie Wardwell,Laura A. Johnson,Laura A. Johnson,Caroline Emery,Nicolas Stransky,Alexandria P. Cogdill,Jordi Barretina,Jordi Barretina,Giordano Caponigro,Haley Hieronymus,Haley Hieronymus,Haley Hieronymus,Ryan R. Murray,Kourosh Salehi-Ashtiani,David E. Hill,Marc Vidal,Jean J. Zhao,Xiaoping Yang,Ozan Alkan,Sungjoon Kim,Jennifer L. Harris,Christine D. Wilson,Vic E. Myer,Peter Finan,David E. Root,Thomas M. Roberts,Todd R. Golub,Todd R. Golub,Keith T. Flaherty,Reinhard Dummer,Barbara L. Weber,William R. Sellers,Robert Schlegel,Jennifer A. Wargo,William C. Hahn,William C. Hahn,Levi A. Garraway,Levi A. Garraway +42 more
TL;DR: Together, these results provide new insights into resistance mechanisms involving the MAPK pathway and articulate an integrative approach through which high-throughput functional screens may inform the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
Journal ArticleDOI
Discovery of a selective inhibitor of oncogenic B-Raf kinase with potent antimelanoma activity
James Tsai,John T. Lee,Weiru Wang,Jiazhong Zhang,Hanna Cho,Shumeye Mamo,Ryan Bremer,Sam Gillette,Jun Kong,Nikolas K. Haass,Katrin Sproesser,Ling Li,Keiran S.M. Smalley,D. Fong,Yong-Liang Zhu,Adhirai Marimuthu,Hoa Nguyen,Billy Lam,Jennifer S. Liu,Ivana Cheung,Julie Rice,Yoshihisa Suzuki,Catherine Luu,Calvin Settachatgul,Rafe Shellooe,John Cantwell,Sung-Hou Kim,Joseph Schlessinger,Kam Y. J. Zhang,Brian L. West,Ben Powell,Gaston Habets,Chao Zhang,Prabha N. Ibrahim,Peter Hirth,Dean R. Artis,Meenhard Herlyn,Gideon Bollag +37 more
TL;DR: PLX4720, a 7-azaindole derivative that inhibits B-RafV600E with an IC50 of 13 nM, defines a class of kinase inhibitor with marked selectivity in both biochemical and cellular assays and represents the entire discovery process from initial identification through structural and biological studies in animal models to a promising therapeutic for testing in cancer patients bearing B- RafV 600E-driven tumors.
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