Journal ArticleDOI
Sensitivity of coccolithophores to carbonate chemistry and ocean acidification
Luc Beaufort,Ian Probert,T. de Garidel-Thoron,El Mahdi Bendif,Diana Ruiz-Pino,Nicolas Metzl,Catherine Goyet,N. Buchet,Pierre Coupel,Michaël Grelaud,Michaël Grelaud,Bjoern Rost,Rosalind E. M. Rickaby,C. de Vargas +13 more
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TLDR
The analyses revealed that differentially calcified species and morphotypes are distributed in the ocean according to carbonate chemistry, and the discovery of a heavily calcified Emiliania huxleyi morphotype in modern waters with low pH highlights the complexity of assemblage-level responses to environmental forcing factors.Abstract:
About one-third of the carbon dioxide (CO(2)) released into the atmosphere as a result of human activity has been absorbed by the oceans(1), where it partitions into the constituent ions of carbonic acid. This leads to ocean acidification, one of the major threats to marine ecosystems(2) and particularly to calcifying organisms such as corals(3,4), foraminifera(5-7) and coccolithophores(8). Coccolithophores are abundant phytoplankton that are responsible for a large part of modern oceanic carbonate production. Culture experiments investigating the physiological response of coccolithophore calcification to increased CO(2) have yielded contradictory results between and even within species(8-11). Here we quantified the calcite mass of dominant coccolithophores in the present ocean and over the past forty thousand years, and found a marked pattern of decreasing calcification with increasing partial pressure of CO(2) and concomitant decreasing concentrations of CO(3)(2-). Our analyses revealed that differentially calcified species and morphotypes are distributed in the ocean according to carbonate chemistry. A substantial impact on the marine carbon cycle might be expected upon extrapolation of this correlation to predicted ocean acidification in the future. However, our discovery of a heavily calcified Emiliania huxleyi morphotype in modern waters with low pH highlights the complexity of assemblage-level responses to environmental forcing factors.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
The Geological Record of Ocean Acidification
Bärbel Hönisch,Andy Ridgwell,Daniela N. Schmidt,Ellen Thomas,Ellen Thomas,Samantha J. Gibbs,Appy Sluijs,Richard E. Zeebe,Lee R. Kump,Rowan C. Martindale,Sarah E. Greene,Sarah E. Greene,Wolfgang Kiessling,Justin B. Ries,James C Zachos,Dana L. Royer,Stephen Barker,Thomas M Marchitto,Ryan P. Moyer,Carles Pelejero,Patrizia Ziveri,Patrizia Ziveri,Gavin L. Foster,Branwen Williams +23 more
TL;DR: This paper reviewed events exhibiting evidence for elevated atmospheric CO2, global warming, and ocean acidification over the past ~300 million years of Earth's history, some with contemporaneous extinction or evolutionary turnover among marine calcifiers.
Journal ArticleDOI
Zooplankton fecal pellets, marine snow, phytodetritus and the ocean’s biological pump
TL;DR: The biological pump is the process by which photosynthetically-produced organic matter in the ocean descends from the surface layer to depth by a combination of sinking particles, advection or vertical mixing of dissolved organic matter, and transport by animals as mentioned in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
Rethinking the marine carbon cycle: Factoring in the multifarious lifestyles of microbes
Alexandra Z. Worden,Alexandra Z. Worden,Alexandra Z. Worden,Michael J. Follows,Stephen J. Giovannoni,Susanne Wilken,Amy E. Zimmerman,Patrick J. Keeling,Patrick J. Keeling +8 more
TL;DR: The challenges of understanding the role protists play in geochemical cycling in the oceans are reviewed, and researchers must bring the conceptual framework of systems biology into bigger “ecosystems biology” models that broadly capture the geochemical activities of interacting plankton networks.
Journal ArticleDOI
Adaptive evolution of a key phytoplankton species to ocean acidification
TL;DR: It is suggested that contemporary evolution could help to maintain the functionality of microbial processes at the base of marine food webs in the face of global change.
Journal ArticleDOI
Evolution in an acidifying ocean
Jennifer M. Sunday,Jennifer M. Sunday,Piero Calosi,Sam Dupont,Philip L. Munday,Jonathon H. Stillman,Jonathon H. Stillman,Thorsten B. H. Reusch +7 more
TL;DR: Two key approaches are focused on: measuring standing genetic variation within populations and experimental evolution, which highlight benefits and challenges of each approach and recommend future research directions for understanding the modulating role of evolution in a changing ocean.
References
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Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica
J. R. Petit,Jean Jouzel,Dominique Raynaud,J. M. Barnola,I. Basile,Michael L. Bender,Jérôme Chappellaz,Michael Davis,Gilles Delaygue,Marc Delmotte,V. M. Kotlyakov,Michel Legrand,Vladimir Ya. Lipenkov,C. Lorius,L. Pepin,Catherine Ritz,Eric S. Saltzman,Michel Stievenard +17 more
TL;DR: The recent completion of drilling at Vostok station in East Antarctica has allowed the extension of the ice record of atmospheric composition and climate to the past four glacial-interglacial cycles.
Journal ArticleDOI
Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica
J. R. Petit,Jean Jouzel,Dominique Raynaud,Nartsiss I. Barkov,I. Basile,Michael L. Bender,Jérôme Chappellaz,M. Davisk,G. Delaygue,Marc Delmotte,V. M. Kotlyakov,Michel Legrand,Vladimir Ya. Lipenkov,C. Lorius,Catherine Ritz,E. Saltzmank,Michel Stievenard +16 more
TL;DR: The recent completion of drilling at Vostok station in East Antarctica has allowed the extension of the ice record of atmospheric composition and climate to the past four glacial-interglacial cycles as discussed by the authors.
Journal ArticleDOI
The oceanic sink for anthropogenic CO2.
Christopher L. Sabine,Richard A. Feely,Nicolas Gruber,R.M. Key,Kitack Lee,John L. Bullister,Rik Wanninkhof,C. S. Wong,Douglas W.R. Wallace,Bronte Tilbrook,Frank J. Millero,Tsung-Hung Peng,Alexander Kozyr,T. Ono,Aida F. Ríos +14 more
TL;DR: Using inorganic carbon measurements from an international survey effort in the 1990s and a tracer-based separation technique, the authors estimate a global oceanic anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) sink for the period from 1800 to 1994 of 118 19 petagrams of carbon.
Journal ArticleDOI
Impacts of ocean acidification on marine fauna and ecosystem processes
TL;DR: Fabry et al. as discussed by the authors presented new observations, reviewed available data, and identified priorities for future research, based on regions, ecosystems, taxa, and physiological processes believed to be most vulnerable to ocean acidification.
Journal ArticleDOI
Reduced calcification of marine plankton in response to increased atmospheric CO2.
Ulf Riebesell,Ingrid Zondervan,Björn Rost,Philippe D. Tortell,Richard E. Zeebe,Richard E. Zeebe,François M. M. Morel +6 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that the progressive increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations may slow down the production of calcium carbonate in the surface ocean, as the process of calcification releases CO2 to the atmosphere.
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