Stress, PTSD, and dementia.
TLDR
More well‐controlled, carefully executed longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the apparent association between stress and dementia, clarify causal relationships, develop reliable antemortem markers, and delineate distinct patterns of risk in subsets of individuals.Abstract:
The physiological consequences of acute and chronic stress on a range of organ systems have been well documented after the pioneering work of Hans Selye more than 70 years ago. More recently, an association between exposure to stressful life events and the development of later-life cognitive dysfunction has been proposed. Several plausible neurohormonal pathways and genetic mechanisms exist to support such an association. However, many logistical and methodological barriers must be overcome before a defined causal linkage can be firmly established. Here the authors review recent studies of the long-term cognitive consequences of exposures to cumulative ordinary life stressors as well as extraordinary traumatic events leading to posttraumatic stress disorder. Suggestive effects have been demonstrated for the role of life stress in general, and posttraumatic stress disorder in particular, on a range of negative cognitive outcomes, including worse than normal changes with aging, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia. However, given the magnitude of the issue, well-controlled studies are relatively few in number, and the effects they have revealed are modest in size. Moreover, the effects have typically only been demonstrated on a selective subset of measures and outcomes. Potentially confounding factors abound and complicate causal relationships despite efforts to contain them. More well-controlled, carefully executed longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the apparent association between stress and dementia, clarify causal relationships, develop reliable antemortem markers, and delineate distinct patterns of risk in subsets of individuals.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Cell type-specific gene expression patterns associated with posttraumatic stress disorder in World Trade Center responders
Pei Fen Kuan,Xiaohua Yang,Sean A. P. Clouston,Xu Ren,Roman Kotov,Monika A. Waszczuk,Prashant Singh,Sean T. Glenn,Eduardo Cortes Gomez,Jianmin Wang,Evelyn J. Bromet,Benjamin J. Luft +11 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that gene expression indicative of immune dysregulation is common across several immune cell populations in PTSD, and given notable differences between cell subpopulations in gene expression associated with PTSD, the results indicate that it may be valuable to analyze different cell populations separately.
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Maladaptive autonomic regulation in PTSD accelerates physiological aging
TL;DR: The brain networks underlying PTSD are discussed in the context of autonomic efferent and afferent contributions and how disruption of these networks leads to poor health outcomes.
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Metabolic Syndrome and cognitive decline in the elderly: A systematic review.
TL;DR: Differential effects of individual MetS components and factors associated with the age of the sample may have accounted for divergent findings among articles, but larger and higher quality studies in this field are still needed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Inflammation in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): A review of potential correlates of PTSD with a neurological perspective
TL;DR: Altered inflammatory markers are associated with structural and functional alterations in brain regions that are responsible for the regulation of stress and emotion, including the amygdala, hippocampus, and frontal cortex, and neuroimaging-based studies demonstrated.
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The Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s Disease Modifiable Risk Factors and Prevention
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide an overview of current epidemiological advances related to Alzheimer's disease modifiable risk factors, highlighting the concept of early prevention and interventions targeting several risk factors in non-demented elderly people even middle-aged population.
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