The Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) of Three Spectrometers for the ExoMars 2016 Trace Gas Orbiter
Oleg Korablev,Franck Montmessin,Alexander Trokhimovskiy,Anna Fedorova,Alexey Shakun,Alexey Grigoriev,B. E. Moshkin,Nikolay Ignatiev,François Forget,Franck Lefèvre,Konstantin Anufreychik,I. Dzuban,Yurii S. Ivanov,Y. Kalinnikov,T. O. Kozlova,A. Kungurov,V. S. Makarov,F. Martynovich,Igor A. Maslov,D. Merzlyakov,P. Moiseev,Y. Nikolskiy,Andrey Patrakeev,D. Patsaev,A. Santos-Skripko,O. Sazonov,N. Semena,A. Semenov,Viktor Shashkin,A. Sidorov,Alexander V. Stepanov,I. Stupin,D. Timonin,A. Titov,Alexey I. Viktorov,A. V. Zharkov,Francesca Altieri,Gabriele Arnold,Denis Belyaev,Jean-Loup Bertaux,Daria Betsis,N. S. Duxbury,Thérèse Encrenaz,Thierry Fouchet,Jean-Claude Gérard,Davide Grassi,Sandrine Guerlet,Paul Hartogh,Yasumasa Kasaba,Igor Khatuntsev,Vladimir A. Krasnopolsky,Vladimir A. Krasnopolsky,Ruslan O. Kuzmin,Emmanuel Lellouch,Miguel Lopez-Valverde,Mikhail Luginin,Anni Määttänen,Emmanuel Marcq,J. Martín Torres,Alexander S. Medvedev,Ehouarn Millour,Kevin Olsen,Manish R. Patel,C. Quantin-Nataf,Alexander Rodin,Alexander Rodin,Valery I. Shematovich,Ian Thomas,N. Thomas,Luis Vázquez,Mathieu Vincendon,Valérie Wilquet,Colin Wilson,L. V. Zasova,Lev Zelenyi,María Paz Zorzano +75 more
TLDR
The Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) as discussed by the authors is an element of the Russian contribution to the ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars 2016 Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) mission.Abstract:
The Atmospheric Chemistry Suite (ACS) package is an element of the Russian contribution to the ESA-Roscosmos ExoMars 2016 Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) mission. ACS consists of three separate infrared spectrometers, sharing common mechanical, electrical, and thermal interfaces. This ensemble of spectrometers has been designed and developed in response to the Trace Gas Orbiter mission objectives that specifically address the requirement of high sensitivity instruments to enable the unambiguous detection of trace gases of potential geophysical or biological interest. For this reason, ACS embarks a set of instruments achieving simultaneously very high accuracy (ppt level), very high resolving power (>10,000) and large spectral coverage (0.7 to 17 μm—the visible to thermal infrared range). The near-infrared (NIR) channel is a versatile spectrometer covering the 0.7–1.6 μm spectral range with a resolving power of ∼20,000. NIR employs the combination of an echelle grating with an AOTF (Acousto-Optical Tunable Filter) as diffraction order selector. This channel will be mainly operated in solar occultation and nadir, and can also perform limb observations. The scientific goals of NIR are the measurements of water vapor, aerosols, and dayside or night side airglows. The mid-infrared (MIR) channel is a cross-dispersion echelle instrument dedicated to solar occultation measurements in the 2.2–4.4 μm range. MIR achieves a resolving power of >50,000. It has been designed to accomplish the most sensitive measurements ever of the trace gases present in the Martian atmosphere. The thermal-infrared channel (TIRVIM) is a 2-inch double pendulum Fourier-transform spectrometer encompassing the spectral range of 1.7–17 μm with apodized resolution varying from 0.2 to 1.3 cm−1. TIRVIM is primarily dedicated to profiling temperature from the surface up to ∼60 km and to monitor aerosol abundance in nadir. TIRVIM also has a limb and solar occultation capability. The technical concept of the instrument, its accommodation on the spacecraft, the optical designs as well as some of the calibrations, and the expected performances for its three channels are described.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
The HITRAN2020 molecular spectroscopic database
TL;DR: The HITRAN database is a compilation of molecular spectroscopic parameters as discussed by the authors , which is used by various computer codes to predict and simulate the transmission and emission of light in gaseous media (with an emphasis on terrestrial and planetary atmospheres).
Journal ArticleDOI
Martian dust storm impact on atmospheric H2O and D/H observed by ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter
Ann Carine Vandaele,Oleg Korablev,Frank Daerden,Shohei Aoki,Ian Thomas,Francesca Altieri,Miguel Lopez-Valverde,Geronimo L. Villanueva,Giuliano Liuzzi,M. D. Smith,Justin Erwin,Loïc Trompet,Anna Fedorova,Franck Montmessin,Alexander Trokhimovskiy,Denis Belyaev,Nikolay Ignatiev,Mikhail Luginin,Kevin Olsen,Lucio Baggio,Juan Alday,Jean-Loup Bertaux,Jean-Loup Bertaux,Daria Betsis,David Bolsée,R. Todd Clancy,Edward A. Cloutis,Cédric Depiesse,Bernd Funke,Maia Garcia-Comas,Jean-Claude Gérard,Marco Giuranna,Francisco Gonzalez-Galindo,Alexey Grigoriev,Yuriy Ivanov,Jacek W. Kaminski,Özgür Karatekin,Franck Lefèvre,Stephen Lewis,Manuel López-Puertas,Arnaud Mahieux,Igor A. Maslov,Jonathon Mason,Michael J. Mumma,Lori Neary,Eddy Neefs,Andrey Patrakeev,Dmitry Patsaev,Bojan Ristic,Séverine Robert,Frédéric Schmidt,Alexey Shakun,Nicholas A Teanby,Sébastien Viscardy,Yannick Willame,James A. Whiteway,Valérie Wilquet,Michael J. Wolff,Giancarlo Bellucci,Manish R. Patel,Jose-Juan Lopez-Moreno,François Forget,Colin Wilson,Håkan Svedhem,Jorge L. Vago,Daniel Rodionov +65 more
TL;DR: The observed changes in H2O and HDO abundance occurred within a few days during the development of the dust storm, suggesting a fast impact of dust storms on the Martian atmosphere.
Journal ArticleDOI
Stormy water on Mars: The distribution and saturation of atmospheric water during the dusty season.
Anna Fedorova,Franck Montmessin,Oleg Korablev,Mikhail Luginin,Alexander Trokhimovskiy,Denis Belyaev,Nikolay Ignatiev,Franck Lefèvre,Juan Alday,Patrick G. J. Irwin,Kevin Olsen,Kevin Olsen,Jean-Loup Bertaux,Jean-Loup Bertaux,Ehouarn Millour,Anni Määttänen,Alexey Shakun,Alexey Grigoriev,Alexey Grigoriev,Andrey Patrakeev,Svyatoslav Korsa,Nikita Kokonkov,Lucio Baggio,François Forget,Colin Wilson +24 more
TL;DR: Water profiles during the 2018–2019 southern spring and summer stormy seasons show that high-altitude water is preferentially supplied close to perihelion, and supersaturation occurs even when clouds are present, implying that the potential for water to escape from Mars is higher than previously thought.
Journal ArticleDOI
NOMAD, an Integrated Suite of Three Spectrometers for the ExoMars Trace Gas Mission: Technical Description, Science Objectives and Expected Performance
Ann Carine Vandaele,J. J. Lopez-Moreno,Manish R. Patel,Manish R. Patel,Giancarlo Bellucci,Frank Daerden,Bojan Ristic,S. Robert,Ian Thomas,Valérie Wilquet,Mark Allen,Gustavo Alonso-Rodrigo,Francesca Altieri,Shohei Aoki,David Bolsée,T. Clancy,Edward A. Cloutis,Cédric Depiesse,Rachel Drummond,Anna Fedorova,Vittorio Formisano,Bernd Funke,Francisco Gonzalez-Galindo,A. Geminale,Jean-Claude Gérard,Marco Giuranna,Laszlo Hetey,Nikolay Ignatiev,Jacek W. Kaminski,O. Karatekin,Yasumasa Kasaba,Mark Leese,Franck Lefèvre,Stephen R. Lewis,Manuel López-Puertas,Miguel Lopez-Valverde,Arnaud Mahieux,Arnaud Mahieux,Jon Mason,J. C. McConnell,Michael J. Mumma,Lori Neary,Eddy Neefs,Etienne Renotte,Julio Rodriguez-Gomez,Giuseppe Sindoni,Michael Smith,Arnaud Stiepen,A. Trokhimovsky,J. Vander Auwera,Geronimo L. Villanueva,Geronimo L. Villanueva,Sébastien Viscardy,James A. Whiteway,Yannick Willame,M. J. Wolff +55 more
TL;DR: The NOMAD (Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery) spectrometer suite on board the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) has been designed to investigate the composition of Mars’ atmosphere, with a particular focus on trace gases, clouds and dust as discussed by the authors.
Journal ArticleDOI
Water Vapor Vertical Profiles on Mars in Dust Storms Observed by TGO/NOMAD
Shohei Aoki,Shohei Aoki,Ann Carine Vandaele,Frank Daerden,Geronimo Villanueva,Giuliano Liuzzi,Ian Thomas,Justin Erwin,Loïc Trompet,Séverine Robert,Lori Neary,Sébastien Viscardy,R. T. Clancy,M. D. Smith,Miguel Lopez-Valverde,B. Hill,Bojan Ristic,Manish R. Patel,Giancarlo Bellucci,J. J. Lopez-Moreno +19 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present water vapor vertical profiles in the periods of the two dust storms (Ls = 162-260° and Ls = 298-345°) from the solar occultation measurements by Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery (NOMAD) onboard ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO).
References
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The HITRAN 2008 molecular spectroscopic database
Laurence S. Rothman,Iouli E. Gordon,Yurii L. Babikov,A. Barbe,D. Chris Benner,Peter F. Bernath,Manfred Birk,Luca Bizzocchi,Vincent Boudon,Linda R. Brown,Alain Campargue,Kelly Chance,Edward A. Cohen,L. H. Coudert,V. M. Devi,Brian J. Drouin,André Fayt,Jean-Marie Flaud,Robert R. Gamache,Jeremy J. Harrison,Jean-Michel Hartmann,Christian Hill,Joseph T. Hodges,D. Jacquemart,Antoine Jolly,Julien Lamouroux,R. J. Le Roy,Gang Li,David A. Long,O.M. Lyulin,C.J. Mackie,Steven T. Massie,Semen Mikhailenko,Holger S. P. Müller,Olga V. Naumenko,Andrei Nikitin,Johannes Orphal,V.I. Perevalov,Agnes Perrin,E. R. Polovtseva,Charlotte Richard,Mary Ann H. Smith,Evgeniya Starikova,Keeyoon Sung,S.A. Tashkun,Jonathan Tennyson,Geoff Toon,Vl.G. Tyuterev,G. Wagner +48 more
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Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer experiment: Investigation description and surface science results
Philip R. Christensen,Joshua L. Bandfield,Victoria E. Hamilton,Steven W. Ruff,Hugh H. Kieffer,Timothy N. Titus,Michael C. Malin,Richard V. Morris,Melissa D. Lane,R. L. Clark,Bruce M. Jakosky,Michael T. Mellon,John C. Pearl,Barney J. Conrath,M. D. Smith,R. T. Clancy,Ruslan O. Kuzmin,Ted L. Roush,G. L. Mehall,Noel Gorelick,K. C. Bender,K. Murray,S. Dason,E. M. Greene,Steven H. Silverman,M. Greenfield +25 more
Abstract: The Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) investigation on Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) is aimed at determining (1) the composition of surface minerals, rocks, and ices; (2) the temperature and dynamics of the atmosphere; (3) the properties of the atmospheric aerosols and clouds; (4) the nature of the polar regions; and (5) the thermophysical properties of the surface materials. These objectives are met using an infrared (5.8- to 50-μm) interferometric spectrometer, along with broadband thermal (5.1- to 150-μm) and visible/near-IR (0.3- to 2.9-μm) radiometers. The MGS TES instrument weighs 14.47 kg, consumes 10.6 W when operating, and is 23.6×35.5×40.0 cm in size. The TES data are calibrated to a 1-σ precision of 2.5−6×10−8 W cm−2 sr−1/cm−1, 1.6×10−6 W cm−2 sr−1, and ∼0.5 K in the spectrometer, visible/near-IR bolometer, and IR bolometer, respectively. These instrument subsections are calibrated to an absolute accuracy of ∼4×10−8 W cm−2 sr−1/cm−1 (0.5 K at 280 K), 1–2%, and ∼1–2 K, respectively. Global mapping of surface mineralogy at a spatial resolution of 3 km has shown the following: (1) The mineralogic composition of dark regions varies from basaltic, primarily plagioclase feldspar and clinopyroxene, in the ancient, southern highlands to andesitic, dominated by plagioclase feldspar and volcanic glass, in the younger northern plains. (2) Aqueous mineralization has produced gray, crystalline hematite in limited regions under ambient or hydrothermal conditions; these deposits are interpreted to be in-place sedimentary rock formations and indicate that liquid water was stable near the surface for a long period of time. (3) There is no evidence for large-scale (tens of kilometers) occurrences of moderate-grained (>50-μm) carbonates exposed at the surface at a detection limit of ∼10%. (4) Unweathered volcanic minerals dominate the spectral properties of dark regions, and weathering products, such as clays, have not been observed anywhere above a detection limit of ∼10%; this lack of evidence for chemical weathering indicates a geologic history dominated by a cold, dry climate in which mechanical, rather than chemical, weathering was the significant form of erosion and sediment production. (5) There is no conclusive evidence for sulfate minerals at a detection limit of ∼15%. The polar region has been studied with the following major conclusions: (1) Condensed CO2 has three distinct end-members, from fine-grained crystals to slab ice. (2) The growth and retreat of the polar caps observed by MGS is virtually the same as observed by Viking 12 Martian years ago. (3) Unique regions have been identified that appear to differ primarily in the grain size of CO2; one south polar region appears to remain as black slab CO2 ice throughout its sublimation. (4) Regional atmospheric dust is common in localized and regional dust storms around the margin and interior of the southern cap. Analysis of the thermophysical properties of the surface shows that (1) the spatial pattern of albedo has changed since Viking observations, (2) a unique cluster of surface materials with intermediate inertia and albedo occurs that is distinct from the previously identified low-inertia/bright and high-inertia/dark surfaces, and (3) localized patches of high-inertia material have been found in topographic lows and may have been formed by a unique set of aeolian, fluvial, or erosional processes or may be exposed bedrock.
Journal ArticleDOI
Interannual variability in TES atmospheric observations of Mars during 1999–2003
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used infrared spectra returned by the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) to retrieve atmospheric and surface temperature, dust and water ice aerosol optical depth, and water vapor column abundance.
Journal ArticleDOI
Detection of Methane in the Atmosphere of Mars
Vittorio Formisano,Sushil K. Atreya,Thérèse Encrenaz,Nikolai Ignatiev,Nikolai Ignatiev,Marco Giuranna +5 more
TL;DR: A detection of methane in the martian atmosphere by the Planetary Fourier Spectrometer onboard the Mars Express spacecraft is reported, and the global average methane mixing ratio is found to be 10 ± 5 parts per billion by volume.
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