Showing papers on "Distilled water published in 2006"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used chemical extractants used for measuring inorganic N could also be used to quantify dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and carbon (DOC) in soil.
Abstract: A significant proportion of the total nutrient in soil solution can be bound to organic molecules and these often constitute a major loss from soil to freshwater. Our purpose was to determine whether chemical extractants used for measuring inorganic N could also be used to quantify dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and carbon (DOC) in soil. In a range of soils, DOC and DON were extracted with either distilled water or 2 M KCl and the amount recovered compared with that present in soil solution recovered by centrifugal-drainage. The recovery of DON and DOC from soil was highly dependent upon the method of extraction. Factors such as soil sampling strategy (number of samples over space and time), sample preparation (sieving and drying), soil storage, extraction temperature, shaking time, and soil-to-extractant volume ratio all significantly affected the amount of DOC and DON extracted from soil. To allow direct comparison between independent studies we therefore propose the introduction of a standardized extraction procedure: Replicate samples of unsieved, field-moist soil extracted as soon as possible after collection with distilled water, 0.5 M K2SO4 or 2 M KCl at a 1:5 w/v ratio for 1 h at 20 °C.
998 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of variations in the temperature and volume fraction on the steady-state effective thermal conductivity of two different nanoparticle suspensions were examined and the results indicated that the nanoparticle material, diameter, volume fraction, and bulk temperature, all have a significant impact on the effective thermalconductivity of these suspensions.
Abstract: An experimental investigation was conducted to examine the effects of variations in the temperature and volume fraction on the steady-state effective thermal conductivity of two different nanoparticle suspensions. Copper and aluminum oxide, CuO and Al2O3, nanoparticles with area weighted diameters of 29 and 36nm, respectively, were blended with distilled water at 2%, 4%, 6%, and 10% volume fractions and the resulting suspensions were evaluated at temperatures ranging from 27.5to34.7°C. The results indicate that the nanoparticle material, diameter, volume fraction, and bulk temperature, all have a significant impact on the effective thermal conductivity of these suspensions. The 6% volume fraction of CuO nanoparticle/distilled water suspension resulted in an increase in the effective thermal conductivity of 1.52 times that of pure distilled water and the 10% Al2O3 nanoparticle/distilled water suspension increased the effective thermal conductivity by a factor of 1.3, at a temperature of 34°C. A two-factor ...
749 citations
TL;DR: The extensive amount of water sorption in the current hydrophilic dental resins is a cause of concern and may affect the mechanical stability of these resins and favor the rapid and catastrophic degradation of resin-dentin bonds.
507 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of membrane structure on the mass-transfer was analyzed accordingly and it was found that the additives used imposed a significant effect on the final membrane structure under the same spinning conditions.
251 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a flat-sheet asymmetric porous membrane (F2.6) was used for direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) setup and the pore radius and porosity were determined by ultrafiltration and gravimetric method for the wet membrane.
153 citations
TL;DR: Access cavities were prepared in 40 single rooted anterior teeth, cleaning and shaping was done and the calcium hydroxide was retrieved using either 17% EDTA or 10% citric acid in combination with ultrasonic agitation.
123 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an inclined solar water distillation (ISWD) system, which generates distilled water (i.e., condensate) and hot water at the same time, was modeled and simulated.
119 citations
TL;DR: No change in properties of pure water distilled from ultrapure water in vacuum was observed by magnetic treatment, however, when the same magnetic treatment was carried out after the distilled water was exposed to O2, water properties such as vibration modes and electrolytic potential were changed.
Abstract: Some properties and functions of water treated under magnetic field were examined. No change in properties of pure water distilled from ultrapure water in vacuum was observed by magnetic treatment. However, when the same magnetic treatment was carried out after the distilled water was exposed to O2, water properties such as vibration modes and electrolytic potential were changed. The degree of magnetic treatment effect on water was quantitatively evaluated by contact angle.
109 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a slow-release and superabsorbent nitrogen fertilizer (SSNF) was synthesized by aqueous solution copolymerization of acrylic acid and maleic anhydride using N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide as a crosslinker, ammonium persulfate and sodium sulfite as an initiator in the presence of urea.
Abstract: A slow-release and superabsorbent nitrogen fertilizer (SSNF) was synthesized by aqueous solution copolymerization of acrylic acid and maleic anhydride using N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide as a crosslinker, ammonium persulfate and sodium sulfite as an initiator in the presence of urea. The effects on water absorbency such as amount of crosslinker, initiator, urea and maleic acid, degree of neutralization, etc. were investigated. To improve slow release and water retention properties, the product was surface-crosslinked with trihydroxymethyl propane glycidol ether (6360). The nitrogen content of the SSNF synthesized under optimal conditions was 28.5%, and the water absorbencies were about 900 (g/g) in distilled water and 180 (g/g) in tap water. The nitrogen slow release behavior of the SSNF in water and water retention capacity of the soil with SSNF were also investigated. The results showed that the surface-crosslinked product not only had good slow release property but also excellent soil moisture preservation capacity, which could effectively improve the utilization of fertilizer and water resources simultaneously. The results of the present work indicated that the SSNF could be found an application in agriculture and horticulture, especially in drought-prone areas where the availability of water is insufficient. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
101 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the properties of copper nanoparticles and microparticles in distilled water were investigated by using absorbance measurement, and the structures of their corrosion products were determined by using XRD and TEM techniques.
88 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, three traditional methods for the refining step in biodiesel production were compared: washing with distilled water, washing with acid (HCl), and dissolving and extracting in a solvent (hexane or petroleum ether).
Abstract: Three traditional methods for the refining step in biodiesel production were compared: (i) washing with distilled water; (ii) washing with acid (HCl); and (3) dissolving and extracting in a solvent (hexane or petroleum ether) and then washing with distilled water. Biodiesel with a high purity (97.5%) could be obtained by all three methods, but serious emulsification occurred during the refining processes, which led to high refining losses. A novel refining method was developed by using hollow fiber membrane extraction, and polysulfone was selected as the most suitable membrane. This process effectively avoided emulsification during refining and decreased the refining loss. The purity of the biodiesel obtained was about 99%; and other properties, such as density, kinematic viscosity, water content, and acid value, conformed to the standards.
TL;DR: In this article, a surfactant-modified alumina (SMA) was used for the removal of phenol from water environment, and the SMA was prepared by shaking alumina with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS; a representative member of AS) solution in batch study under optimized condition.
TL;DR: It is shown that storing a dental acrylic resin specimen in distilled water at 37 degrees C is a simple but effective method of reducing its residual MMA content.
Abstract: This study compared the influence of different polymerization methods (heat, auto-, and microwave energy), different curing processes (in the case of heat- and autopolymerized specimens), and length of storage of the polymerized specimens in distilled water at 37 degrees C on the residual methyl methacrylate (MMA) content in dental acrylic resin specimens. Residual MMA of 120 resin specimens were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. For the heat-polymerized resins, the lowest residual MMA content was obtained when they were given a long-term terminal boil and then stored in the distilled water for at least 1 day. For the autopolymerized resins, the lowest residual MMA content was obtained when they were additionally cured in water at 60 degrees C and then stored in the distilled water at least 1 day. For the microwave-polymerized resins, the lowest residual MMA content was obtained when they were stored in the distilled water at least 1 month. The lowest overall residual MMA content was obtained from heat-polymerized specimens that were given a long-term terminal boil cure and then stored in the distilled water at least 1 day. Different polymerization methods and curing processes have different effects on residual MMA content. It is thus shown that storing a dental acrylic resin specimen in distilled water at 37 degrees C is a simple but effective method of reducing its residual MMA content.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of PEO concentration, addition of PEGofvariousmolecularweights (1000-35000g mol 1 ), inorganicsaltofvarioustypes (i.e., NaCl, LiCl, KCl, MgCl 2, and CaCl 2 ), or SDS, and the solvent system were investigated using SEM.
Abstract: Summary: The effects of PEO concentration, addition ofPEGofvariousmolecularweights(1000–35000g mol 1 ),inorganicsaltofvarioustypes(i.e.,NaCl,LiCl,KCl,MgCl 2 ,and CaCl 2 ), or SDS, and the solvent system (i.e., mixedsolvents of distilled water and methanol, ethanol, or 2-propanol) on the bead formation and/or morphologicalappearance of electrospun PEO fibers were investigatedusing SEM. Theformation of beaded fibers upon addition oflow-molecular-weightPEGsintothePEOsolutionsuggestedthat the very short relaxation time and/or the plasticizingeffectoftheselow-molecular-weightPEGscontributedtotheformation of the bead-on-string morphology of the as-spunfibers. On the other hand, the observed improvement in theelectro-spinnabilityofthePEOsolutionwithincreasingPEOconcentrationanduponadditionofNaClandSDSsuggestedthat the observed increase in the viscosity and conductivityand the observed decrease in the surface tension of thesolution were indispensable for total suppression of thebeads. However, when the conductivity of the solutionincreased only marginally, beads could still be obtained.SEM image of as-spun PEO fibers from a solution of PEO in distilled water at 5% w/vwithout (left) and with (right) 5% w/v PEG of 2000 g mol
TL;DR: Conventional drinking water treatment technologies were evaluated under typical water treatment plant conditions to determine their effectiveness in removing six chloro-s-triazines: ATZ, SIM, PROP, DEA, DIA, and DDA.
TL;DR: In this paper, a novel multifunctional superabsorbent composite from acrylic acid (AA), acrylamide (AM), and sodium humate (SH), PAA-AM/SH, was prepared by aqueous solution polymerization, using N, N ′-methylenebisacrylamides as a crosslinker and ammonium persulfate as an initiator.
Abstract: A novel multifunctional superabsorbent composite from acrylic acid (AA), acrylamide (AM) and sodium humate (SH), PAA–AM/SH, was prepared by aqueous solution polymerization, using N , N ′-methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinker and ammonium persulfate as an initiator In this paper, factors influencing water absorbency of the superabsorbent composite were investigated, and then the optimal synthesis conditions were obtained as follows: the amount of crosslinker, initiator and humate, molar ratio of AA to AM, initial monomer concentration and neutralization degree of AA were 010 wt%, 040 wt%, 30 wt%, 12 mol mol −1 , 202 mol L −1 and 50%, respectively Water absorbencies for the superabsorbent composite in distilled water and in 09 wt% NaCl solution were investigated Results obtained from this study indicate that the multifunctional superabsorbent composite with a humate content of 30 wt% exhibited a maximum water absorbency of 1100 g g −1 in distilled water and 55 g g −1 in 09 wt% NaCl solution, respectively Thermal stability and polymerization process of the crosslinked superabsorbent composite were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis and FTIR, respectively
TL;DR: In this article, the thermal decomposition kinetic of xanthan gum, guar gum and a blend (50/50 mass/mass%) was studied according to Ozawa-Flynn-Wall method.
Abstract: Enhanced oil recovery process is based on the injection of chemical products (e.g. polymers, surfactants, gases) or thermal energy (originating from the injection of e.g. steam, hot water, in situ combustion) to recover crude oil. One of these processes use polymer solution to mobilize the oil in the reservoir. In this work the thermal decomposition kinetic of xanthan gum, guar gum and a blend (50/50 mass/mass%) was studied according to Ozawa–Flynn–Wall method. According to the kinetic analysis, the studied systems were copmpatible. The rheological behavior of the samples was studied in distilled water and seawater at different temperatures. Only the blend was studied in distilled water presented synergism (enhancement in material properties like stability and viscosity) which was confirmed through rheology.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of kerosene and distilled water as dielectrics on the electrical discharge surface alloying of superalloy Haynes 230 were investigated and the results obtained using both positive and negative electrode polarities were compared.
Abstract: The effects of kerosene and distilled water as dielectrics on the electrical discharge surface alloying of superalloy Haynes 230 are investigated. The 85 at.% Al and 15 at.% Mo composite electrode provided the surface alloying materials. The alloying results obtained using both positive and negative electrode polarities were compared. With negative electrode polarity and alloying in kerosene, many discontinuous piled-layers comprised mostly of Al3Mo8 and AlMo3 phases accumulate on the surface of the N-AlMo-Kero specimen, but alloying in distilled water was unsuccessful because of the difficulty of discharging under such an EDA condition. With positive electrode polarity, the alloyed layers constituted mainly of NiAl phase are formed on the EDA specimens, in either kerosene or distilled water. The alloyed layer of P-AlMo-Kero contains a mixture of NiAl, Al8Mo3, Cr23C6, and Al4C3, while the alloyed layer of P-AlMo-Water contains NiAl, AlCr2, Al5Cr, and Al2O3 phases. The P-AlMo-Water exhibits the highest hardness, whereas the P-AlMo-Kero has the smallest surface roughness of all the EDA specimens. The superalloy Haynes 230 and the EDA specimens are subjected to isothermal oxidation at 1000 °C in static air. Analyses of oxidation kinetics indicate that the P-AlMo-Water and the P-AlMo-Kero specimens are more resistant to oxidation than the unalloyed superalloy; and the P-AlMo-Kero specimen has the best oxidation resistance among all tested specimens.
TL;DR: Findings suggested that one-step adhesives displayed a favorable fluoride release property, thereby contributing positively to inhibition of recurrent caries.
Abstract: In this study, a newly developed S-PRG (surface pre-reacted glass-ionomer) filler-containing one-step adhesive, called SI (SI-IB551, Prototype), was evaluated regarding its fluoride release behavior. As a result, fluoride ion distribution in the tooth structures and acid resistance of cavity margins were also evaluated. In addition, Absolute® (a fluoride-releasing one-step adhesive; AB) was evaluated in comparison to G-Bond® (a non-fluoride-releasing one-step adhesive; GB) which was used as a negative control. Concentration of fluoride released was measured using a fluoride ion selective electrode after immersion of each material in distilled water. Fluoride distribution in tooth-adhesive interfacial areas was examined with EPMA following cavity preparation in human premolars and having treated resin restorations with each material. To evaluate acid resistance, restored specimens were immersed in an acetic acid buffer (0.2 M, pH 4.5) for 12 hours and then the cavity margins were observed using scanning electron microscopy. Amounts of fluoride released from AB and SI were significantly greater than that from GB. Further, significant differences in fluoride release were detected between AB and SI. A layer of increased fluoride density was clearly detected at the enamel- and dentin-SI interfaces. In terms of acid resistance, an acid resistance zone was also formed adjacent to the tooth-adhesive interface of AB and SI specimens. However, in GB specimen, acid resistance zone was not observed. These findings suggested that one-step adhesives displayed a favorable fluoride release property, thereby contributing positively to inhibition of recurrent caries.
TL;DR: A liquid-phase microextraction method for the determination of trihalomethanes (THMs) including chloroform (CHCl3), bromodichloromethane (CHBrCl2), dibromochlorometHane and bromoform in water samples was developed, with analysis by gas chromatography-electron capture detection.
TL;DR: In this paper, an investigation of the application of the hybrid processes photocatalysis-ultrafiltration (UF) and photocATalysis-membrane distillation (MD) for degradation of an azo-dye in an aqueous solution is presented.
TL;DR: Recoveries of chlorobenzenes from fortified distilled water are over 90% for three different fortification levels and relative standard deviations of the recoveries are below 6%.
TL;DR: The effects of hydrothermal ageing on the thermomechanical properties of high performance epoxy and its nanocomposite were studied in this paper, where the storage modulus, relaxation behavior, fracture toughness, and tensile properties were investigated.
Abstract: The effects of hydrothermal ageing on the thermomechanical properties of high performance epoxy and its nanocomposite were studied. The epoxy–clay nanocomposite was prepared through a recently developed “slurry-compounding” approach. The cured samples were immersed in distilled water at 60°C for different periods of time before subjecting to characterization. The storage modulus, relaxation behavior, fracture toughness, and tensile properties were investigated. It was found that the storage modulus and α-relaxation were strongly affected by water uptake, while the fracture toughness and Young's modulus were less influenced. Dependence of tensile strength and strain at break on water uptake was found to be different in neat epoxy and epoxy–clay systems. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 46:215–221, 2006. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers
TL;DR: The results suggest that a functional pectin oligosaccharide can be produced by irradiation for the food industry without any chemical treatment.
Abstract: Pectin was dissolved in deionized distilled water (2%, vol/vol) and irradiated at 20 kGy using a Co-60 gamma ray irradiator. The resulting solution was dialyzed and lyophilized. The samples were se...
TL;DR: It was found that the majority of the brands tested were over-treated and lower values of hardness, total dissolved solids (TDS) and conductance than the prescribed limits of WHO showed that water was deficient in essential minerals.
Abstract: Seventeen different brands of bottled drinking water, collected from different retail shops in Amritsar, were analyzed for different physical and chemical parameters to ascertain their compliability with the prescribed/recommended limits of the World Heath Organization (WHO) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). It was found that the majority of the brands tested were over-treated. Lower values of hardness, total dissolved solids (TDS) and conductance than the prescribed limits of WHO showed that water was deficient in essential minerals. Minerals like magnesium, potassium, calcium and fluoride were present in some cases in such a low concentration that water seemed to be as good as distilled water. Samples showing fluoride lesser than 0.5 mg/l warranted additional sources of fluoride for the people consuming only bottled water for drinking purposes. Zero values for chlorine demand as shown by all the bottled water samples showed that water samples were safe from micro-organisms. In case of heavy metals, only lead had been found to be greater than the limit of 0.015 mg/l as prescribed by WHO and USEPA, in seven out of 17 samples. Lead even at such a low concentration can pose a great health hazard.
TL;DR: The extractions showed that HCl was most efficient for metal desorption, probably due to the low pH and complexation with chloride, and all the acidic desorbing agents were predicted to form mostly cationic species, which was in agreement with the removal direction in the electrodialytic remediation experiments.
TL;DR: Distilled water peritoneal lavage during liver resection would retard the tumor recurrence and further improve the survival rate in patients with spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma.
Abstract: Spontaneously rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma is a life threatening and worse prognosis. Not only the lower rate of resection and hemodynamic unstable, but also the hepatic failure and recurrence. Distilled water irrigation had been applied in several cancer surgeries including colon, stomach, breast, ovary, and bladder; thus had good results in lowering the tumor spreading. We applied distilled water peritoneal lavage after liver resection in patients with spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma to define the influence of prognosis. Thirteen patients with spontaneous ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma underwent distilled water peritoneal lavage after curative liver resection (Group A). Nineteen patients with spontaneous ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma did not undergo distilled water peritoneal lavage after curative liver resection (Group B). There were 11 patients of tumor recurrence in Group B; 2 in Group A. The mean disease-free time of Group B was 2.05 +/- 0.74 years; for Group A it was 3.59 +/- 0.60 (P = 0.045). Peritoneal lavage in this series resulted in significantly better survival time for the patients in Group A (P = 0.0158). That implies distilled water peritoneal lavage during liver resection would retard the tumor recurrence and further improve the survival rate in patients with spontaneously ruptured hepatocellular carcinoma.
TL;DR: In this article, a series of phosphate-based glass compositions that degrade at a lower rate, allowing the pH to remain close to neutral in cell culture medium, were investigated over 7 days and MG63 cell attachment to glass fibres was observed after 24 hrs.
Abstract: Phosphate-based glasses have previously been examined for tissue engineering applications [1], however they degrade rapidly in solution reducing its pH to below 5 [2]. This study presents a series of phosphate-based glass compositions that degrade at a lower rate, allowing the pH to remain close to neutral in cell culture medium. The compositions investigated were P50Ca30Na(15-x)Fe5Six where x = 0, 1, 3 and 5 mol%. The dissolution and effect on pH in distilled water and cell culture medium, and ion release in distilled water were investigated over 7 days and MG63 cell attachment to glass fibres was observed after 24 hrs. Dissolution was much slower in cell culture medium (3% mass loss) compared to distilled water (50% mass loss), due to the large quantity of ions and pH buffer present. After 7 days, in cell culture medium the pH remained between 7 and 8.5, however the pH in distilled water fell to between 4 and 3, with the final pH being lower the greater the SiO2 content. Increasing the SiO2 content of the glass resulted in an increase in dissolution rate whilst the pH was maintained at 7 in cell culture medium. The attachment and spreading of MG63 cells was observed on all compositions. These glass compositions may therefore be suitable for tissue engineering applications.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the effects of different reagents on the recovery of Pb 2+ and Cd 2+ from metal-loaded biomass of wild cocoyam (C. bicolor ) by eluting the biomass in five successive cycles using 0.01 M HCl, 0.1 M NaOH and distilled water at different contact times.
TL;DR: This study investigated the action of an atmospheric pressure air glow discharge with aqueous electrolyte cathode onto the surface of polyethylene (PE) films and observed OH groups, CO groups in ester, ketone, and carboxyl groups, andCO groups in unsaturated ketones and aldehydes.