Showing papers on "Solid-state fermentation published in 2008"
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The advantages of solid-state fermentation over submerged in production of different value added products, important features of various bioreactor designs, recent developments in utilization of various agro-industrial residues as substrates and the importance of mathematical modeling are reviewed.
Abstract: Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is defined as the growth of microbes without free flowing aqueous phase. The SSF is alternative to submerged fermentation for production of value added products like antibiotics, single cell protein, Poly unsaturated fatty acids, enzymes, organic acids, biopesticides, biofuel and aroma production. However, the advantages of SSF in various processes are found to be greater than in submerged fermentation. This paper reviews the advantages of solid-state fermentation over submerged in production of different value added products, important features of various bioreactor designs, recent developments in utilization of various agro-industrial residues as substrates and the importance of mathematical modeling. With advances through modeling and optimization techniques, production-using SSF is advantageous and appropriate for production of many value added products like enzymes, antibiotics, and organic acids. This technique not only decreases the cost of the process but also makes product cheaper for consumers.
277 citations
TL;DR: The study pointed out that the nature of lignocellulosic material and the method of fungi cultivation are factors determining the expression of lignecellulolytic potential of fungi as well as the ratio of individual enzymes in enzyme complex.
267 citations
TL;DR: Results demonstrated viable approach for utilization of this huge biomass by solid-state fermentation for the production of industrial enzymes due to low cost and abundant availability of cake during biodiesel production.
252 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a review provides an overview of variables to be considered in the utilization of fungal plant-depolymerizing enzymes produced by solid-state fermentation from agricultural production residues in Brazil.
228 citations
TL;DR: The total extractable phenolic compounds and anthocyanins content in black beans increased after fermentation, which might lead to the increased antioxidant activities of black bean kojis observed.
187 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a thermophilic strain of Bacillus subtilis DM-04 under solid-state fermentation, potato peel followed by I. cylindrica grass supported maximum protease production.
184 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a Doehlert experimental design was applied to optimize T. trogii lignocellulolytic enzyme production in solid-state fermentation, and the impact on enzyme production of three quantitative variables, namely pH, copper and nitrogen concentrations, was investigated by using a wood-based solid medium supplemented with malt extract.
182 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a local strain of Aspergillus oryzae (Ozykat-1) was used to produce proteases and a substrate that had a wheat bran to rice bran ratio of 0.33 by dry weight, a moisture content of 50%, initial pH of 7.5, and incubation temperature of 30 °C.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: An inexpensive and readily available agroindustrial substrate such as rice bran can be used to produce cheap commercial enzymes by solid-state fermentation. This work investigates the production of food-grade proteases by solid-state fermentation using readily available Thai rice bran.
RESULTS: A local strain of Aspergillus oryzae (Ozykat-1) was used to produce proteases. Rice bran used alone proved to have poor substrate morphology (insufficient porosity) for satisfactory solid-state fermentation. A certain amount of wheat bran was necessary to improve the morphology of the substrate. The following variables affected protease production: substrate composition, initial moisture content and initial pH. A high protease activity (∼1200 U g−1 dry solids) was obtained on a substrate that had a wheat bran to rice bran ratio of 0.33 by dry weight, a moisture content of 50%, initial pH of 7.5, and incubation temperature of 30 °C.
CONCLUSION: Nutritionally, rice bran used alone was as good a substrate as mixed bran for producing protease, but rice bran had poor morphological characteristics for consistent fermentation. A substrate that had a wheat bran to rice bran ratio of 0.33 by dry weight was best for producing protease. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
162 citations
TL;DR: The present review describes some unique microbial fermentation of tea and the antimicrobial activities formed during the fermentation process and future needs in research and development of these antimicrobial compounds from microbial fermented tea are discussed for potential industrial applications.
Abstract: Antimicrobial activities of microbial fermented tea are much less known than its health beneficial properties. These antimicrobial activities are generated in natural microbial fermentation process with tea leaves as substrates. The antimicrobial components produced during the fermentation process have shown inhibitory effects against several food-borne and pathogenic bacteria. With the trend of increasing use of natural and biological preservatives in food products, natural antimicrobial agents from microbial fermented tea may offer an innovative and interesting measure for such applications. However, a breakthrough in this field can only be realised after several critical aspects are clarified and further studied. Only then, the application of these potential, novel and natural antimicrobial substances from microbial fermented tea can be industrialized. The present review describes some unique microbial fermentation of tea and the antimicrobial activities formed during the fermentation process. Moreover, future needs in research and development of these antimicrobial compounds from microbial fermentation of tea are discussed for potential industrial applications.
135 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a newly isolated fungal strain Rhizopus stolonifer LAU 07 was studied for improved nutritional quality by determining the crude protein, crude fibre, ash and lipid contents, and antioxidant activities.
Abstract: Solid substrate fermentations of some agro- wastes, namely cocoa pod husk (CPH), cassava peel (CP), and palm kernel cake (PKC) were carried out for the pro- duction of fructosyltransferase (FTase) by a newly isolated fungal strain Rhizopus stolonifer LAU 07. The fermented substrate were studied for improved nutritional quality by determining the crude protein, crude fibre, ash and lipid contents, and antioxidant activities. The cyanide content of cassava peels was also determined. Some levels of value- addition occured as a result of the fermentation. The pro- tein contents of the substrates increased by 33.3, 55.4, and 94.8%, while the crude fibre contents decreased by 44.5, 8.6, and 7.2% in PKC, CP, and CPH, respectively. The cyanide content of cassava peel was reduced by 90.6%. Generally, fermentation of the substrates by R. stolonifer LAU 07 increased the antioxidant activity in a DPPH (1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay. The IC50 (mg/ml) values of the methanolic extracts (fermented/unfermented) were obtained as 7.0/14.9, 4.4/10.6, and 5.5/14.7 mg/ml for PKC, CP, and CPH, respectively. Results herein reported showed that the nutritional qualities and antioxidant activities of all the investigated solid substrates were enhanced by fungal fermentation. Thus, scope exists for microbial upgrading of these low-quality agro-wastes and development of healthy animal feed supplements.
124 citations
TL;DR: Results showed that cellulase production was highest when the inducer concentration was 0.331 ml/gds, and the incubation temperature and time were 33 °C and 67 h, respectively.
Abstract: Sugar cane bagasse was used as substrate for cellulase production using Trichoderma reesei RUT C30, and the culture parameters were optimized for enhancing cellulase yield. The culture parameters, such as incubation temperature, duration of incubation, and inducer concentration, were optimized for enhancing cellulase yield using a Box-Behnken experimental design. The optimal level of each parameter for maximum cellulase production by the fungus was determined. Predicted results showed that cellulase production was highest (25.6 FPAase units per gram dry substrate) when the inducer concentration was 0.331 ml/gds, and the incubation temperature and time were 33 °C and 67 h, respectively. Crude inducer generated by cellulase action was found to be very effective in inducing cellulases. Validation of predicted results was done, and the experimental values correlated well with that of the predicted.
TL;DR: Fructooligosaccharides chemical structure, enzyme characteristics, the nomenclature, producer microorganisms and enzyme production both in solid state fermentation and submerged cultivation are reviewed.
Abstract: Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are prebiotic substances found in several vegetable or natural foods. The main commercial production of FOS comes from enzymatic transformation of sucrose by the microbial enzyme fructosyltransferase. The development of more efficient enzymes, with high activity and stability, is required and this has attracted the interest of biotechnologists and microbiologists with production by several microorganisms being studied. This article reviews and discusses FOS chemical structure, enzyme characteristics, the nomenclature, producer microorganisms and enzyme production both in solid state fermentation and submerged cultivation.
TL;DR: The results demonstrate the SSF-based strategy is a successful approach for the production of a generic feedstock from wheat, and that this feedstock can be efficiently utilised for succinic acid production.
TL;DR: Under optimized conditions, xylanase production was found to be in the range of 5200-5600 U/g, where as strong inhibition of enzyme activity was observed in the presence of Cu2+, Ag+, Fe2+ and SDS.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated lipase production and partial characterization of the crude enzymatic extracts obtained by Penicillium verrucosum using soybean bran as substrate.
Abstract: Current studies about lipase production by solid-state fermentation involve the use of agro-industrial residues towards developing cost-effective systems directed to large-scale commercialization of enzyme-catalyzed processes. In this work, lipase production and partial characterization of the crude enzymatic extracts obtained by Penicillium verrucosum using soybean bran as substrate was investigated. Different inductors were evaluated and the results showed that there is no influence of this variable on the lipase production, while temperature and initial moisture were the main factors that affected enzyme production. The optimized cultivation temperature (27.5 °C) and initial moisture of substrate (55%) were determined using the response surface methodology. Kinetics of lipase production was followed at the optimized growth conditions. Optimum lipase yield was 40 U/g of dry bran. The crude enzymatic extract showed optimal activity in the range from 30 to 45 °C and in pH 7.0.
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of various process parameters, such as yeast cell concentration, particle size and moisture content, on the ethanol yield was investigated, and the optimal values of these parameters were 4 × 10 6 cells/g raw sorghum, Dp = 1.5mm and 75%, respectively.
TL;DR: Alkalophilic Bacillus subtilis ASH produced a very high level of xylanase in SSF using inexpensive agro-residues, a level which is much higher than that reported by any other bacterial isolate, leading to a marked decrease in the cost ofxylanase production, which enhances its industrial potential.
Abstract: Alkalophilic Bacillus subtilis ASH produced high levels of xylanase using easily available inexpensive agricultural waste residues such as wheat bran, wheat straw, rice husk, sawdust, gram bran, groundnut and maize bran in solid-state fermentation (SSF) Among these, wheat bran was found to be best substrate Xylanase production was highest after 72 h of incubation at 37 °C and at a substrate to moisture ratio of 1:2 (w/v) The inoculum level of 15% resulted in maximum production of xylanase The enzyme production was stimulated by the addition of nutrients such as yeast extract, peptone and beef extract In contrast, addition of glucose and xylose repressed the production of xylanase The extent of repression by glucose (10%, w/v) was 81% and it was concentration-dependent Supplementation of the medium with 4% xylose caused 59% repression Under optimized conditions, xylanase production in SSF (8,964 U of xylanase/g dry wheat bran) was about twofold greater than in submerged fermentation Thus, B subtilis produced a very high level of xylanase in SSF using inexpensive agro-residues, a level which is much higher than that reported by any other bacterial isolate Furthermore, the enzyme was produced at room temperature and with tap water without the addition of any mineral salt in SSF, leading to a marked decrease in the cost of xylanase production, which enhances its industrial potential
TL;DR: The product of soybean and sweet potato residues, cultivated with B6-1 co-producing lipopeptides and gamma-PGA, can be expected to be used as both biocontrol agents and fertilizer synergists.
TL;DR: Pomegranate husk is a good support, and at the same time an excellent substrate in the production of high commercial interest metabolites like EA due to the degradation of its ET content.
Abstract: Two Aspergillus niger strains (GH1 and PSH) previously isolated from a semiarid region of Mexico were characterized for their effectiveness in converting pomegranate ellagitannins (ET) into ellagic acid (EA) in a solid state fermentation (SSF). Pomegranate seeds and husk were used as support for the SSF. Released EA was evaluated by liquid chromatography. Yields of 6.3 and 4.6 mg of EA per gram of dried pomegranate husk were obtained with A. niger GH1 and PSH, respectively. Total hydrolyzable polyphenols of pomegranate husk were degraded during the first 72 h of culture (71 and 61%, by GH1 and PSH strains, respectively). Tannin acyl hydrolase activity was not clearly associated with EA production. EA that accumulated in cultures of A. niger GH1 was remarkably pure after a simple extraction process. Pomegranate husk is a good support, and at the same time an excellent substrate in the production of high commercial interest metabolites like EA due the degradation of its ET content.
TL;DR: Solid-state fermentation was evaluated to produce gluconic acid by metal resistant Aspergillus niger (ARNU-4) strain using tea waste as solid support and with molasses based fermentation medium and different concentrations of additives viz. oil cake, soya oil, jaggary, yeast extract, cheese whey and mustard oil were supplemented for further enhancement of the production ability of microorganisms.
01 Jan 2008
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the general and fundamental aspects of Solid State Fermentation (SSF) processes and its application in various industrial and agricultural applications, such as the production of pigments, pigmentation, and mushrooms.
Abstract: General and Fundamentals Aspects of SSF.- General Considerations about Solid-state Fermentation Processes.- Factors Affecting Solid-state Fermentation.- Kinetics of Solid-state Fermentation.- Water Relations in Solid-state Fermentation.- Aspects of Design of Bioreactors in SSF.- Instrumentation and Control in SSF.- Informatics in Solid-state Fermentation.- SSF for Bulk Chemicals and Products.- Production of Enzymes by Solid-state Fermentation.- Production of Organic Acids by Solid-state Fermentation.- Production of Spores.- Mushroom Production.- SSF for Specialty Chemicals.- Gibberellic Acid Production.- Production of Antibiotics and other Commercially Valuable Secondary Metabolites.- Production of Pigments.- Production of Aroma Compounds.- SSF for Miscellaneous Applications.- Solid-state Fermentation for Food and Feed Application.- Application of Tropical Agro-industrial Residues as Substrate for Solid-state Fermentation Processes.- Preservation of Forage Crops by Solid-state Lactic Acid Fermentation-Ensiling.- Potential of Vermicomposting Technology in Solid Waste Management.
TL;DR: The use of low-cost substrates to produce Trichoderma spores was evaluated in this article, where Rice, corn bran, and wheat bran were used as a solid substrate to grow Trichodorma harzanium sp., Trichoderm viride sp, Tricho- derma koningii sp., and Trichodesporum polysporum sp.
Abstract: In the present work, the use of low-cost substrates to produce Trichoderma spores was evaluated. Rice, corn bran, and wheat bran were used as solid substrate to grow Trichoderma harzanium sp., Trichoderma viride sp., Tricho- derma koningii sp., and Trichoderma polysporum sp. No external nutrient sources were added to the solid substrate that was only moisturized with deonized water, sterilized, inoculated, and cultivated at 30 °C for 7 days. Wheat bran showed to be the most suitable substrate to produce Trichoderma spores for all strains that were evaluated. High spore counts were obtained for T. harzianum sp. (28.30×10 8 /gds) and T. viride sp. (24.10×10 8 spores/gds).
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors optimized the production of whole-cell synthetic lipase (WCSL) by Rhizopus chinensis in solid-state fermentation based on synthetic activity.
TL;DR: All strains produced cellulase along with xylanase in solid state fermentation, while 70% of the strainsproduced cellulase-free x Dylanase during submerged fermentation.
Abstract: Seventy fungal strains were isolated from soils collected from different parts of southern Kerala, India. The strains were screened for xylanase production using Czapek’s agar medium. On the basis of clearing zones formed, 34 fungal strains were selected and identified. Solid state and submerged fermentation were done to identify strains that could produce maximum amount of xylanase, as well as to identify those strains that could produce cellulase-free xylanase under these conditions. All strains produced cellulase along with xylanase in solid state fermentation, while 70% of the strains produced cellulase-free xylanase during submerged fermentation.
Key words: Xylanase, Czapek’s agar, solid state fermentation, submerged fermentation
TL;DR: Results show that P. ostreatus performs much better in submerged fermentation than in solid-state fermentation, the first report that shows such atypical behavior in the production of extracellular laccases by fungi.
Abstract: Pleurotus ostreatus showed atypical laccase production in submerged vs. solid-state fermentation. Cultures grown in submerged fermentation produced laccase at 13,000 U l−1, with a biomass production of 5.6 g l−1 and four laccase isoforms. However, cultures grown in solid-state fermentation had a much lower laccase activity of 2,430 U l−1, biomass production of 4.5 g l−1, and three laccase isoforms. These results show that P. ostreatus performs much better in submerged fermentation than in solid-state fermentation. This is the first report that shows such atypical behavior in the production of extracellular laccases by fungi.
TL;DR: Phytase production by a thermophilic mould Sporotrichum thermophile Apinis was investigated in solid state fermentation (SSF) using sesame oil cake as the substrate and an overall 2.6-fold improvement in phytaseProduction was achieved due to optimization.
TL;DR: Results show that it is feasible to convert winery wastes to a value-added and environmental friendly biocontrol agent.
Abstract: Biocontrol agents are safe and environmental friendly alternatives for pesticides in agriculture application. Trichoderma viride WEBL0703 performed a high level of antagonistic activity toward a broad spectrum of phytopathogens and was determined as a biocontrol agent, which was produced by solid state fermentation using grape marc and wine lees. The maximum yield of T. viride conidia was up to 6.65 × 10 9 CFU/g initial dry substrate (IDS) after 10 d fermentation. As important enzymes for protecting plants from disease, chitinase, β-glucanase, and pectinase yields were 47.8 U/g IDS, 8.32 U/g IDS and 9.83 U/g IDS, respectively. These results show that it is feasible to convert winery wastes to a value-added and environmental friendly biocontrol agent.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the physicochemical changes during the fungal fermentation of two tannin-rich plant materials, mainly on the polyphenolic content, were analyzed using a spectrophometric method.
Abstract: Summary In this work, creosote bush (Larrea tridentata) leaves and pomegranate (Punica granatum) peels were characterized for their use as a source of antioxidants and a support in solid-state fermentation. This work focuses on the kinetic evaluation of physicochemical changes during the fungal fermentation of two tannin-rich plant materials, mainly on the polyphenolic content. Aspergillus niger GH1 was used in the fermentation processes, the cultures were monitored for 96 h. The content of proteins, crude fibres, lipids, reducing and total sugars was evaluated following the AOAC methods. Tannins were analyzed using a spectrophometric method. Biodegradation of ellagitannins was monitored kinetically and the accumulation of gallic and ellagic acids was determined by HPLC. Results demonstrated that pomegranate peel and creosote bush leaves are excellent supports for solid-state fermentation and sources of antioxidants.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the effect of steam explosion conditions on inhibitor production in a 5 m(3) SE reactor and the fermentation enhancement achieved by drying and waterwashing of corn straw.
TL;DR: Optimization of conidial production was achieved by response surface methodology (RSM), a powerful mathematical approach widely applied in the optimization of fermentation process, using the three substrates; rice, barley and sorghum at variable pH, moisture content and yeast extract concentrations.