Although genomewide RNA expression analysis has become a routine tool in biomedical research, extracting biological insight from such information remains a major challenge. Here, we describe a powerful analytical method called Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) for interpreting gene expression data. The method derives its power by focusing on gene sets, that is, groups of genes that share common biological function, chromosomal location, or regulation. We demonstrate how GSEA yields insights into several cancer-related data sets, including leukemia and lung cancer. Notably, where single-gene analysis finds little similarity between two independent studies of patient survival in lung cancer, GSEA reveals many biological pathways in common. The GSEA method is embodied in a freely available software package, together with an initial database of 1,325 biologically defined gene sets.

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Gene set enrichment analysis: A knowledge-based approach for interpreting genome-wide expression profiles

limma is an R/Bioconductor software package that provides an integrated solution for analysing data from gene expression experiments. It contains rich features for handling complex experimental designs and for information borrowing to overcome the problem of small sample sizes. Over the past decade, limma has been a popular choice for gene discovery through differential expression analyses of microarray and high-throughput PCR data. The package contains particularly strong facilities for reading, normalizing and exploring such data. Recently, the capabilities of limma have been significantly expanded in two important directions. First, the package can now perform both differential expression and differential splicing analyses of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data. All the downstream analysis tools previously restricted to microarray data are now available for RNA-seq as well. These capabilities allow users to analyse both RNA-seq and microarray data with very similar pipelines. Second, the package is now able to go past the traditional gene-wise expression analyses in a variety of ways, analysing expression profiles in terms of co-regulated sets of genes or in terms of higher-order expression signatures. This provides enhanced possibilities for biological interpretation of gene expression differences. This article reviews the philosophy and design of the limma package, summarizing both new and historical features, with an emphasis on recent enhancements and features that have not been previously described.

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limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

http://www.klinikaikozpont.u-szeged.hu/pedia/images/pdf/CME_TEL/Full-Text/25.pdf

The Hallmarks of Aging

Obesity alters adipose tissue metabolic and endocrine function and leads to an increased release of fatty acids, hormones, and proinflammatory molecules that contribute to obesity associated complications. To further characterize the changes that occur in adipose tissue with increasing adiposity, we profiled transcript expression in perigonadal adipose tissue from groups of mice in which adiposity varied due to sex, diet, and the obesity-related mutations agouti (Ay) and obese (Lepob). We found that the expression of 1,304 transcripts correlated significantly with body mass. Of the 100 most significantly correlated genes, 30% encoded proteins that are characteristic of macrophages and are positively correlated with body mass. Immunohistochemical analysis of perigonadal, perirenal, mesenteric, and subcutaneous adipose tissue revealed that the percentage of cells expressing the macrophage marker F4/80 (F4/80+) was significantly and positively correlated with both adipocyte size and body mass. Similar relationships were found in human subcutaneous adipose tissue stained for the macrophage antigen CD68. Bone marrow transplant studies and quantitation of macrophage number in adipose tissue from macrophage-deficient (Csf1op/op) mice suggest that these F4/80+ cells are CSF-1 dependent, bone marrow-derived adipose tissue macrophages. Expression analysis of macrophage and nonmacrophage cell populations isolated from adipose tissue demonstrates that adipose tissue macrophages are responsible for almost all adipose tissue TNF-alpha expression and significant amounts of iNOS and IL-6 expression. Adipose tissue macrophage numbers increase in obesity and participate in inflammatory pathways that are activated in adipose tissues of obese individuals.

/pdf/obesity-is-associated-with-macrophage-accumulation-in-130af7ivca.pdf

Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue

L'invention concerne des procedes permettant d'inhiber la proliferation d'une cellule hyperproliferative sensible a PPARη a l'aide des agonistes de PPARη; cette invention concernant egalement des compositions pharmaceutiques et des procedes de diagnostic et de traitement d'une cellule hyperproliferative sensible a PPARη.

Procedes et compositions pharmaceutiques inhibant la proliferation de cellules tumorales

On decrit des procedes pour stimuler l'angiogenese chez les animaux a sang chaud, qui consistent a administrer au sujet necessitant un tel traitement une certaine quantite d'un glyceride angiogenique de la formule (1) ou (2) dans lesquelles X est O, NH, S, ou CH2, et R1 est alkyle (1-10C) ou acyle (2-10C), sature ou non sature, et qui comporte une substitution ou non d'un ou plusieurs element(s) de substitution qui n'interfere(nt) pas avec l'activite angiogenique, lesdits elements de substitution etant choisis dans le groupe comprenant OH, OR, SH, SR, NH?2?, NHR, NR2 et halo, ou R est independamment alkyle (1-4C) inferieur; et chacun des R?2 et R3? est independamment H, PO?3?-2 ou un alkyle ou acyl tel que defini plus haut; ou dans la formule 1, R2 et R3 forment ensemble une moitie alkylene ou OR?2 et OR3? forment un epoxyde. Les composes de la formule 1 ou 2 ou les melanges de ceux-ci peuvent etre utilises en combinaison avec divers facteurs de croissance de peptides pour augmenter l'effet d'angiogenese.

Bruce M. Spiegelman

Papers

Procedes et compositions pharmaceutiques inhibant la proliferation de cellules tumorales

Monobutyrine angiogenique et ses analogues

PGC-1, un nouveau coactivateur du récepteur PPAR gamma des tissus adipeux bruns