Networks of coupled dynamical systems have been used to model biological oscillators, Josephson junction arrays, excitable media, neural networks, spatial games, genetic control networks and many other self-organizing systems. Ordinarily, the connection topology is assumed to be either completely regular or completely random. But many biological, technological and social networks lie somewhere between these two extremes. Here we explore simple models of networks that can be tuned through this middle ground: regular networks 'rewired' to introduce increasing amounts of disorder. We find that these systems can be highly clustered, like regular lattices, yet have small characteristic path lengths, like random graphs. We call them 'small-world' networks, by analogy with the small-world phenomenon (popularly known as six degrees of separation. The neural network of the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the power grid of the western United States, and the collaboration graph of film actors are shown to be small-world networks. Models of dynamical systems with small-world coupling display enhanced signal-propagation speed, computational power, and synchronizability. In particular, infectious diseases spread more easily in small-world networks than in regular lattices.

/pdf/collective-dynamics-of-small-world-networks-205zhem3gm.pdf

Collective dynamics of small-world networks

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

The emergence of order in natural systems is a constant source of inspiration for both physical and biological sciences. While the spatial order characterizing for example the crystals has been the basis of many advances in contemporary physics, most complex systems in nature do not offer such high degree of order. Many of these systems form complex networks whose nodes are the elements of the system and edges represent the interactions between them. 
Traditionally complex networks have been described by the random graph theory founded in 1959 by Paul Erdohs and Alfred Renyi. One of the defining features of random graphs is that they are statistically homogeneous, and their degree distribution (characterizing the spread in the number of edges starting from a node) is a Poisson distribution. In contrast, recent empirical studies, including the work of our group, indicate that the topology of real networks is much richer than that of random graphs. In particular, the degree distribution of real networks is a power-law, indicating a heterogeneous topology in which the majority of the nodes have a small degree, but there is a significant fraction of highly connected nodes that play an important role in the connectivity of the network. 
The scale-free topology of real networks has very important consequences on their functioning. For example, we have discovered that scale-free networks are extremely resilient to the random disruption of their nodes. On the other hand, the selective removal of the nodes with highest degree induces a rapid breakdown of the network to isolated subparts that cannot communicate with each other. 
The non-trivial scaling of the degree distribution of real networks is also an indication of their assembly and evolution. Indeed, our modeling studies have shown us that there are general principles governing the evolution of networks. Most networks start from a small seed and grow by the addition of new nodes which attach to the nodes already in the system. This process obeys preferential attachment: the new nodes are more likely to connect to nodes with already high degree. We have proposed a simple model based on these two principles wich was able to reproduce the power-law degree distribution of real networks. Perhaps even more importantly, this model paved the way to a new paradigm of network modeling, trying to capture the evolution of networks, not just their static topology.

/pdf/statistical-mechanics-of-complex-networks-1zfjpvxipu.pdf

Statistical mechanics of complex networks

Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(12)61766-8.pdf

A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010

Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics
Society (1983), pp. 10-24

/pdf/social-organization-and-referential-coherence-in-classroom-15dxu24vtn.pdf

Social Organization and Referential Coherence in Classroom Discussions

P.11.6 Functional motor changes in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) patients on long term daily glucocorticoid (GC) treatment

A Framework for Addressing Health Issues

SignificanceP53 is a widely studied tumor suppressor that is found throughout metazoans, including invertebrates that do not develop malignancies. The prevailing theory for why this is the case is that P53 originally evolved to protect the germline of early metazoans from genotoxic stress such as UV radiation. In this study, we examine the function of two P53 homologs in the parasitic flatworm Schistosoma mansoni. The first is orthologous to canonical P53, and regulates stem cell maintenance and differentiation. The second P53 gene is a parasite-specific paralog that is required for the normal response to genotoxic stress. This implies that the ability to respond to genotoxic stress in parasitic flatworms may have arisen from convergent evolution.

https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.11.28.470261v1.full.pdf

Convergent evolution of genome guardian functions in a parasite-specific p53 homolog

Las migraciones de las decadas recientes han aumentado la diversidad linguistica de America, lo que alimenta controversias acerca de la educacion bilingue y revela el punto en que la identidad nacional se entremezcla con supuestos acerca del lenguaje y la raza. Partiendo de un analisis de los debates politicos acerca de la legislacion federal y la politica educativa conocida como Ningun Nino Dejado Atras (No Child Left Behind, NCLB) y los estudios etnograficos de hogares de migrantes multilingues asi como practicas de escolarizacion del norte del Estado de Nueva York, examino como los metadiscursos acerca de lenguas y personas circulan a traves de eventos discursivos y espacios sociales de diferentes escalas, que incluyen audiencias en el Congreso e investigaciones academicas acerca de NCLB, asi como los ambitos escolares en los que, en cada escuela, se ponen en practica las politicas educativas destinadas a estudiantes clasificados como “aprendices de lengua inglesa”. Mi analisis utiliza teorias antropologicas de registro, racializacion y del Estado para investigar como son coconstruidas las inequidades linguisticas y sociales en una era de creciente polarizacion social. Dicha coconstruccion depende de formas de gubernamentalidad, formas de efectos de Estado descentralizados, que operan a traves de las fronteras aparentes entre Estado y sociedad civil, y resultan tanto de procesos “de arriba hacia abajo” como “de abajo hacia arriba”; de mandatos politicos asi como de categorias locales de “buenas” y “malas” minorias. El analisis revela conexiones complejas y duraderas entre el lenguaje, la raza y la desigualdad en los procesos de educacion; su critica sigue siendo una tarea apremiante para la antropologia de la educacion.

/pdf/la-construccion-de-aprendices-de-lengua-inglesa-ell-un-4oah0xyn56.pdf

La construcción de “aprendices de lengua inglesa” (ELL): Un análisis de procesos de registro y efectos de Estado en la escolarización de estudiantes migrantes multilingües*

James J. Collins

Papers

Social Organization and Referential Coherence in Classroom Discussions

P.11.6 Functional motor changes in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) patients on long term daily glucocorticoid (GC) treatment

A Framework for Addressing Health Issues

Convergent evolution of genome guardian functions in a parasite-specific p53 homolog

La construcción de “aprendices de lengua inglesa” (ELL): Un análisis de procesos de registro y efectos de Estado en la escolarización de estudiantes migrantes multilingües*