1980 Preface * 1999 Preface * 1999 Acknowledgements * Introduction * 1 Circular Logic * 2 Phase Singularities (Screwy Results of Circular Logic) * 3 The Rules of the Ring * 4 Ring Populations * 5 Getting Off the Ring * 6 Attracting Cycles and Isochrons * 7 Measuring the Trajectories of a Circadian Clock * 8 Populations of Attractor Cycle Oscillators * 9 Excitable Kinetics and Excitable Media * 10 The Varieties of Phaseless Experience: In Which the Geometrical Orderliness of Rhythmic Organization Breaks Down in Diverse Ways * 11 The Firefly Machine 12 Energy Metabolism in Cells * 13 The Malonic Acid Reagent ('Sodium Geometrate') * 14 Electrical Rhythmicity and Excitability in Cell Membranes * 15 The Aggregation of Slime Mold Amoebae * 16 Numerical Organizing Centers * 17 Electrical Singular Filaments in the Heart Wall * 18 Pattern Formation in the Fungi * 19 Circadian Rhythms in General * 20 The Circadian Clocks of Insect Eclosion * 21 The Flower of Kalanchoe * 22 The Cell Mitotic Cycle * 23 The Female Cycle * References * Index of Names * Index of Subjects

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/596B270197FE27DE5FABB598B6210622/S0025557200150892a.pdf/div-class-title-span-class-italic-the-geometry-of-biological-time-span-by-a-t-winfree-pp-544-dm68-corrected-second-printing-1990-isbn-3-540-52528-9-springer-div.pdf

The geometry of biological time , by A. T. Winfree. Pp 544. DM68. Corrected Second Printing 1990. ISBN 3-540-52528-9 (Springer)

https://users.dimi.uniud.it/~antonio.dangelo/Robotica/2012/helper/leggedRobot/Ijspeert08NN.pdf

2008 Special Issue: Central pattern generators for locomotion control in animals and robots: A review

The goal of this paper is to review in brief the basic physics of single-election devices, as well as their-current and prospective applications. These devices based on the controllable transfer of single electrons between small conducting "islands", have already enabled several important scientific experiments. Several other applications of analog single-election devices in unique scientific instrumentation and metrology seem quite feasible. On the other hand, the prospect of silicon transistors being replaced by single-electron devices in integrated digital circuits faces tough challenges and remains uncertain. Nevertheless, even if this replacement does not happen, single electronics will continue to play an important role by shedding light on the fundamental size limitations of new electronic devices. Moreover, recent research in this field has generated some by-product ideas which may revolutionize random-access-memory and digital-data-storage technologies.

Single-electron devices and their applications

The electronic properties of inorganic devices such as memristors can be used to simulate neurological behaviour. In particular, ionic and electronic effects in a silver sulphide device are now shown to mimic short- and long-term synaptic functions. Memory is believed to occur in the human brain as a result of two types of synaptic plasticity: short-term plasticity (STP) and long-term potentiation (LTP; refs 1, 2, 3, 4). In neuromorphic engineering5,6, emulation of known neural behaviour has proven to be difficult to implement in software because of the highly complex interconnected nature of thought processes. Here we report the discovery of a Ag2S inorganic synapse, which emulates the synaptic functions of both STP and LTP characteristics through the use of input pulse repetition time. The structure known as an atomic switch7,8, operating at critical voltages, stores information as STP with a spontaneous decay of conductance level in response to intermittent input stimuli, whereas frequent stimulation results in a transition to LTP. The Ag2S inorganic synapse has interesting characteristics with analogies to an individual biological synapse, and achieves dynamic memorization in a single device without the need of external preprogramming. A psychological model related to the process of memorizing and forgetting is also demonstrated using the inorganic synapses. Our Ag2S element indicates a breakthrough in mimicking synaptic behaviour essential for the further creation of artificial neural systems that emulate characteristics of human memory.

/pdf/short-term-plasticity-and-long-term-potentiation-mimicked-in-3c6onjbc0r.pdf

Short-term plasticity and long-term potentiation mimicked in single inorganic synapses

Computational geometry

A low-power CMOS voltage reference was developed using a 0.35 mum standard CMOS process technology. The device consists of MOSFET circuits operated in the subthreshold region and uses no resistors. It generates two voltages having opposite temperature coefficients and adds them to produce an output voltage with a near-zero temperature coefficient. The resulting voltage is equal to the extrapolated threshold voltage of a MOSFET at absolute zero temperature, which was about 745 mV for the MOSFETs we used. The temperature coefficient of the voltage was 7 ppm/degC at best and 15 ppm/degC on average, in a range from - 20 to 80degC. The line sensitivity was 20 ppm/V in a supply voltage range of 1.4-3 V, and the power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) was -45 dB at 100 Hz. The power dissipation was 0.3 muW at 80degC. The chip area was 0.05 mm2 . Our device would be suitable for use in subthreshold-operated, power-aware LSIs.

/pdf/a-300-nw-15-ppm-circ-c-20-ppm-v-cmos-voltage-reference-5c6xnvq0l1.pdf

A 300 nW, 15 ppm/ $^{\circ}$ C, 20 ppm/V CMOS Voltage Reference Circuit Consisting of Subthreshold MOSFETs

The unit device consists of four tunnel junctions and operates as a two-way switch for single-electron transport. Any combinational logic can be implemented by connecting identical unit devices into a cascade to build the tree of a BDD graph. Several sample designs are presented for logic circuits of NAND, NOR, exclusive-OR, and AND-OR combinational logic. Computer simulation shows that the designed circuits perform the logic operations correctly.

Single-electron logic device based on the binary decision diagram

This paper proposes an all-analog neural network LSI architecture and a new learning procedure called contrastive backpropagation learning In analog neural LSI's with on-chip backpropagation learning, inevitable offset errors that arise in the learning circuits seriously degrade the learning performance Using the learning procedure proposed here, offset errors are canceled to a large extent and the effect of offset errors on the learning performance is minimized This paper also describes a prototype LSI with 9 neurons and 81 synapses based on the proposed architecture which is capable of continuous neuron-state and continuous-time operation because of its fully analog and fully parallel property Therefore, an analog neural system made by combining LSI's with feedback connections is promising for implementing continuous-time models of recurrent networks with real-time learning >

An all-analog expandable neural network LSI with on-chip backpropagation learning

We describe a majority-logic gate device suitable for use in developing single-electron integrated circuits. The device consists of a capacitor array for input summation and an irreversible single-electron box for threshold operation. It accepts three binary inputs and produces a corresponding output, a complementary majority-logic output, by using the change in its tunneling threshold caused by the input signals; it produces a logical 1 output if two or three of the inputs are logical 0 and a logical 0 output if two or three of the inputs are logical 1. We combined several of these gate devices to form subsystems, a shift register and a full adder, and confirmed their operation by computer simulation. The gate device is simple in structure and powerful in terms of implementing digital functions with a small number of devices. These superior features will enable the device to contribute to the development of single-electron integrated circuits.

/pdf/a-majority-logic-device-using-an-irreversible-single-3mfitg31tz.pdf

A majority-logic device using an irreversible single-electron box

This paper proposes a neuromorphic analog CMOS controller for interlimb coordination in quadruped locomotion. Animal locomotion, such as walking, running, swimming, and flying, is based on periodic rhythmic movements. These rhythmic movements are driven by the biological neural network, called the central pattern generator (CPG). In recent years, many researchers have applied CPG to locomotion controllers in robotics. However, most of these have been developed with digital processors and, thus, have several problems, such as high power consumption. In order to overcome such problems, a CPG controller with analog CMOS circuit is proposed. Since the CMOS transistors in the circuit operate in their subthreshold region and under low supply voltage, the controller can reduce power consumption. Moreover, low-cost production and miniaturization of controllers are expected. We have shown through computer simulation, such circuit has the capability to generate several periodic rhythmic patterns and transitions between their patterns promptly.

/pdf/an-analog-cmos-central-pattern-generator-for-interlimb-4akd88pzl6.pdf

Yoshihito Amemiya

Papers

A 300 nW, 15 ppm/ $^{\circ}$ C, 20 ppm/V CMOS Voltage Reference Circuit Consisting of Subthreshold MOSFETs

Single-electron logic device based on the binary decision diagram

An all-analog expandable neural network LSI with on-chip backpropagation learning

A majority-logic device using an irreversible single-electron box

An analog CMOS central pattern generator for interlimb coordination in quadruped locomotion