Showing papers by "Florida State University published in 2003"
TL;DR: This article found that self-esteem does not predict the quality or duration of relationships, nor does it predict the likelihood of cheating and bullying in children, and the highest and lowest rates of cheating were found in different subcategories of high selfesteem.
Abstract: Self-esteem has become a household word. Teachers, parents, therapists, and others have focused efforts on boosting self-esteem, on the assumption that high self-esteem will cause many positive outcomes and benefits-an assumption that is critically evaluated in this review. Appraisal of the effects of self-esteem is complicated by several factors. Because many people with high self-esteem exaggerate their successes and good traits, we emphasize objective measures of outcomes. High self-esteem is also a heterogeneous category, encompassing people who frankly accept their good qualities along with narcissistic, defensive, and conceited individuals. The modest correlations between self-esteem and school performance do not indicate that high self-esteem leads to good performance. Instead, high self-esteem is partly the result of good school performance. Efforts to boost the self-esteem of pupils have not been shown to improve academic performance and may sometimes be counterproductive. Job performance in adults is sometimes related to self-esteem, although the correlations vary widely, and the direction of causality has not been established. Occupational success may boost self-esteem rather than the reverse. Alternatively, self-esteem may be helpful only in some job contexts. Laboratory studies have generally failed to find that self-esteem causes good task performance, with the important exception that high self-esteem facilitates persistence after failure. People high in self-esteem claim to be more likable and attractive, to have better relationships, and to make better impressions on others than people with low self-esteem, but objective measures disconfirm most of these beliefs. Narcissists are charming at first but tend to alienate others eventually. Self-esteem has not been shown to predict the quality or duration of relationships. High self-esteem makes people more willing to speak up in groups and to criticize the group's approach. Leadership does not stem directly from self-esteem, but self-esteem may have indirect effects. Relative to people with low self-esteem, those with high self-esteem show stronger in-group favoritism, which may increase prejudice and discrimination. Neither high nor low self-esteem is a direct cause of violence. Narcissism leads to increased aggression in retaliation for wounded pride. Low self-esteem may contribute to externalizing behavior and delinquency, although some studies have found that there are no effects or that the effect of self-esteem vanishes when other variables are controlled. The highest and lowest rates of cheating and bullying are found in different subcategories of high self-esteem. Self-esteem has a strong relation to happiness. Although the research has not clearly established causation, we are persuaded that high self-esteem does lead to greater happiness. Low self-esteem is more likely than high to lead to depression under some circumstances. Some studies support the buffer hypothesis, which is that high self-esteem mitigates the effects of stress, but other studies come to the opposite conclusion, indicating that the negative effects of low self-esteem are mainly felt in good times. Still others find that high self-esteem leads to happier outcomes regardless of stress or other circumstances. High self-esteem does not prevent children from smoking, drinking, taking drugs, or engaging in early sex. If anything, high self-esteem fosters experimentation, which may increase early sexual activity or drinking, but in general effects of self-esteem are negligible. One important exception is that high self-esteem reduces the chances of bulimia in females. Overall, the benefits of high self-esteem fall into two categories: enhanced initiative and pleasant feelings. We have not found evidence that boosting self-esteem (by therapeutic interventions or school programs) causes benefits. Our findings do not support continued widespread efforts to boost self-esteem in the hope that it will by itself foster improved outcomes. In view of the heterogeneity of high self-esteem, indiscriminate praise might just as easily promote narcissism, with its less desirable consequences. Instead, we recommend using praise to boost self-esteem as a reward for socially desirable behavior and self-improvement.
3,262 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Graham and Marvin discuss the issues that shape urban form and city life more than infrastructure, which is the most important aspect of urban life. But they focus on infrastructure.
Abstract: Stephen Graham and Simon Marvin. London and New York: Routledge, 2001. ISBN 0-415-18964-0 (cloth); 0-415-18965-9 (paper). Few issues shape urban form and city life more than infrastructure, which u...
1,263 citations
TL;DR: Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) as mentioned in this paper is defined as any flow of water on continental margins from the seabed to the coastal ocean, regardless of fluid composition or driving force.
Abstract: Both terrestrial and marine forces drive underground fluid flows in the coastal zone. Hydraulic gradients on land result in groundwater seepage near shore and may contribute to flows further out on the shelf from confined aquifers. Marine processes such as tidal pumping and current-induced pressure gradients may induce interfacial fluid flow anywhere on the shelf where permeable sediments are present. The terrestrial and oceanic forces overlap spatially so measured fluid advection through coastal sediments may be a result of composite forcing. We thus define “submarine groundwater discharge” (SGD) as any and all flow of water on continental margins from the seabed to the coastal ocean, regardless of fluid composition or driving force. SGD is typically characterized by low specific flow rates that make detection and quantification difficult. However, because such flows occur over very large areas, the total flux is significant. Discharging fluids, whether derived from land or composed of re-circulated seawater, will react with sediment components. These reactions may increase substantially the concentrations of nutrients, carbon, and metals in the fluids. These fluids are thus a source of biogeochemically important constituents to the coastal ocean. Terrestrially-derived fluids represent a pathway for new material fluxes to the coastal zone. This may result in diffuse pollution in areas where contaminated groundwaters occur. This paper presents an historical context of SGD studies, defines the process in a form that is consistent with our current understanding of the driving forces as well as our assessment techniques, and reviews the estimated global fluxes and biogeochemical implications. We conclude that to fully characterize marine geochemical budgets, one must give due consideration to SGD. New methodologies, technologies, and modeling approaches are required to discriminate among the various forces that drive SGD and to evaluate these fluxes more precisely.
856 citations
TL;DR: The results provide a niche‐based alternative to the recent neutral‐metacommunity model and have important implications for conservation biology and landscape management.
Abstract: We present a model of a source‐sink competitive metacommunity, defined as a regional set of communities in which local diversity is maintained by dispersal. Although the conditions of local and regional coexistence have been well defined in such systems, no study has attempted to provide clear predictions of classical community‐wide patterns. Here we provide predictions for species richness, species relative abundances, and community‐level functional properties (productivity and space occupation) at the local and regional scales as functions of the proportion of dispersal between communities. Local (α) diversity is maximal at an intermediate level of dispersal, whereas between‐community (β) and regional (γ) diversity decline as dispersal increases because of increased homogenization of the metacommunity. The relationships between local and regional species richness and the species rank abundance distributions are strongly affected by the level of dispersal. Local productivity and space occupatio...
825 citations
TL;DR: Older adults who volunteer and who engage in more hours of volunteering report higher levels of well-being, and targeting efforts may not be warranted in that there are not differential benefits according to personal characteristics of the volunteer.
Abstract: Objectives. This study tests the effects of volunteering on the well-being of older adults, including the effect of level of engagement, the moderating effects of demographic and social factors, and the effects of the nature of the volunteer experience. Methods. This is a secondary data analysis of three waves of data from the Americans’ Changing Lives Study. Selfrated health, functional dependency, and depression are regressed on the well-being measures from the previous waves, other control variables and volunteer status, volunteer hours, type and number of volunteer organizations, and the perceived benefit to others of the volunteer work. Results. Older adults who volunteer and who engage in more hours of volunteering report higher levels of well-being. This positive effect was not moderated by social integration, race, or gender. There was no effect of the number of organizations for which the older adult volunteered, the type of organization, or the perceived benefit of the work to others. Discussion. This work contributes to a knowledge base that points to the development of social programs and policies that maximize the engagement of older adults in volunteer roles. The findings suggest that targeting efforts may not be warranted, in that there are not differential benefits according to personal characteristics of the volunteer. Future studies have to address the nature of the social institutions that will maximize the number of elders in these roles and the benefits that they accrue.
819 citations
TL;DR: Successful performance at complex thinking may rely on limited regulatory resources, and depletion of the self's regulatory resources was manipulated by having some participants initially regulate attention or emotion.
Abstract: Some complex thinking requires active guidance by the self, but simpler mental activities do not. Depletion of the self's regulatory resources should therefore impair the former and not the latter. Resource depletion was manipulated by having some participants initially regulate attention (Studies 1 and 3) or emotion (Study 2). As compared with no-regulation participants who did not perform such exercises, depleted participants performed worse at logic and reasoning (Study 1), cognitive extrapolation (Study 2), and a test of thoughtful reading comprehension (Study 3). The same manipulations failed to cause decrements on a test of general knowledge (Study 2) or on memorization and recall of nonsense syllables (Study 3). Successful performance at complex thinking may therefore rely on limited regulatory resources.
779 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore implications of a two-sided dynamic for understanding gendering processes in formal organizations, using stories from interviews and participant observation in multinational corporations, and define practicing gender as a moving phenomenon that is done quickly, directionally (in time), and (often) nonreflexively; is informed by liminal awareness; and is in concert with others.
Abstract: Recently, the study of gender has focused on processes by which gender is brought into social relations through interaction. This article explores implications of a two-sided dynamic—gendering practices and practicing of gender—for understanding gendering processes in formal organizations. Using stories from interviews and participant observation in multinational corporations, the author explores the practicing of gender at work. She defines practicing gender as a moving phenomenon that is done quickly, directionally (in time), and (often) nonreflexively; is informed (often) by liminal awareness; and is in concert with others. She notes how other conceptions of gender dynamics and practice inform the analysis and argues that adequate conceptualization (and potential elimination) of harmful aspects of gendering practices/practicing will require attention to (1) agency, intentionality, awareness, and reflexivity; (2) positions, power, and experience; and (3) choice, accountability, and audience. She calls f...
705 citations
Wageningen University and Research Centre1, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich2, Yale University3, University of Texas at Austin4, Santa Fe Institute5, National Center for Genome Resources6, University of California, San Diego7, Washington University in St. Louis8, Spanish National Research Council9, North Carolina State University10, Florida State University11, Harvard University12, Michigan State University13, University of Washington14, University of New Mexico15, University of British Columbia16
TL;DR: This work focuses on the first kind of robustness—genetic robustness)—and survey three growing avenues of research: measuring genetic robustness in nature and in the laboratory; understanding the evolution of genetic robusts; and exploring the implications of genetic resilientness for future evolution.
Abstract: Robustness is the invariance of phenotypes in the face of perturbation. The robustness of phenotypes appears at various levels of biological organization, including gene expression, protein folding, metabolic flux, physiological homeostasis, development, and even organismal fitness. The mechanisms underlying robustness are diverse, ranging from thermodynamic stability at the RNA and protein level to behavior at the organismal level. Phenotypes can be robust either against heritable perturbations (e.g., mutations) or nonheritable perturbations (e.g., the weather). Here we primarily focus on the first kind of robustness-genetic robustness-and survey three growing avenues of research: (1) measuring genetic robustness in nature and in the laboratory; (2) understanding the evolution of genetic robustness; and (3) exploring the implications of genetic robustness for future evolution.
681 citations
TL;DR: The hyperconjugative interaction of the X-hybrid orbital in the X[bond]H is able to undergo a sufficient change in hybridization and polarization, rehybridization dominates leading to a shortening of theX[bonding]H and a blue shift in thex[b Bond]H stretching frequency.
Abstract: The X−H bond length in X−H..Y hydrogen bonded complexes is controlled by a balance of two main factors acting in opposite directions. “X-H bond lengthening” due to n(Y)→σ*(H−X) hyperconjugative interaction is balanced by “X-H bond shortening” due to increase in the s-character and polarization of the X−H bond. When hyperconjugation dominates, X−H bond elongation is reflected in a concomitant red shift of the corresponding IR stretching frequency. When the hyperconjugative interaction is weak and the X-hybrid orbital in the X−H bond is able to undergo a sufficient change in hybridization and polarization, rehybridization dominates leading to a shortening of the X−H bond and a blue shift in the X−H stretching frequency.
662 citations
TL;DR: This chapter describes Language comprehension that is known as a vicarious experience brought about by three component processes—namely, activation, construal, and integration, and arrives at a better understanding of language comprehension.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter describes Language comprehension that is known as a vicarious experience brought about by three component processes—namely, (1) activation, (2) construal, and (3) integration. The Immersed Experiencer Framework (IEF) should be viewed as an engine that generates predictions about language comprehension. Such as any good theory, it is falsifiable. For example, the general prediction that event sequences that are not consistent with experience are more difficult that event sequences that can be falsified. Similarly, the prediction that the contents of working memory during comprehension should reflect the contents of working memory during experience of the described situation can be falsified. These are rather general hypotheses. It should have become clear that the IEF is capable of generating far more specific hypotheses. A non-exhaustive list of such predictions that are segregated by the component processes of activation, construal, and integration are given in the chapter. By putting tests of predictions on the research agenda, the chapter arrives at a better understanding of language comprehension.
647 citations
TL;DR: The analyses of data collected from 899 young men and women of African American and non-Hispanic white ancestry suggest that status differences in exposure to stress vary considerably by the measure of stress that is employed, and that women are more exposed to recent life events than men, males report more major events and discrimination stress than females.
Abstract: Life events checklists have been the predominant method for estimating variations in stress exposure. It is unknown, however, whether such inventories are equally meaningful for estimating differences in exposure between men and women, African Americans and whites, and those in lower and higher socioeconomic categories. In this paper, we employ a wider range of measures of stress--recent life events, chronic stressors, lifetime major events, and discrimination stress--to examine the extent to which these dimensions collectively yield conclusions about status variations in stress exposure that are similar to or different from estimates based only on a life events checklist. Our analyses of data collected from 899 young men and women of African American and non-Hispanic white ancestry suggest that status differences in exposure to stress vary considerably by the measure of stress that is employed. Although women are more exposed to recent life events than men, males report more major events and discrimination stress than females. Our results also reveal that life event measures tend to substantially under-estimate differences between African Americans and non-Hispanic whites in exposure to stress. A similar pattern also holds for socioeconomic status. When stress is more comprehensively estimated, level of exposure profoundly affects ethnic differences in depressive symptomatology, accounting for almost half of the difference by socioeconomic status but contributing little to the explanation of the gender difference in distress. The implications of these findings for the debate over the relative mental health significance of exposure and vulnerability to stress are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, a U-shaped curvilinear relationship between multinationality and performance in service firms is investigated and it is shown that there is support for such a relationship.
Abstract: International diversification is a growth strategy that has a major potential impact on firm performance. The relationship between international diversification and firm performance has been extensively studied in the international strategy literature. A major gap in the literature has been the non-existence of studies that have examined the effect of international diversification on performance in service firms. Previous studies that have tested the international diversification–performance relationship were based on samples of manufacturing firms. We argue that the form of the relationship between multinationality and performance is different in service firms. We provide a theoretical argument for this claim and hypothesize that there is a U-shaped curvilinear relationship between multinationality and performance in service firms. Our sample consists of 81 major German service firms, spanning across four industries. Results show that there is support for a U-shaped curvilinear relationship. Based on the findings, implications and directions for future research are provided.
TL;DR: Tandem mass spectrometry based on infrared multiphoton dissociation identified labile fragments of fulvic acid molecules, whose chemical formulas led to plausible structures consistent with degraded lignin as a source of Suwannee River fulvic acids.
Abstract: Molecular formulas have been assigned for 4626 individual Suwannee River fulvic acids based on accurate mass measurements from ions generated by electrospray ionization and observed by ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR MS). Formula assignments were possible because of the mass accuracy of FTICR MS at high field (9.4 T) and the regular mass spacing patterns found in fulvic acid mixtures. Sorting the 4626 individually observed ions according to Kendrick mass defect and nominal mass series (z* score) revealed that all could be assigned to 1 of 266 distinct homologous series that differ in oxygen content and double bond equivalence. Tandem mass spectrometry based on infrared multiphoton dissociation identified labile fragments of fulvic acid molecules, whose chemical formulas led to plausible structures consistent with degraded lignin as a source of Suwannee River fulvic acids.
TL;DR: In this article, the anisotropy parameter of the second harmonic of the azimuthal particle distribution has been measured with the PHENIX detector in Au+Au collisions at roots(NN)=200 GeV for identified and inclusive charged particle production at central rapidities.
Abstract: The anisotropy parameter (v(2)), the second harmonic of the azimuthal particle distribution, has been measured with the PHENIX detector in Au+Au collisions at roots(NN)=200 GeV for identified and inclusive charged particle production at central rapidities (eta 2 GeV/c, in marked contrast to the predictions of a hydrodynamical model. A quark-coalescence model is also investigated.
TL;DR: Some recent results in statistical modeling of natural images that attempt to explain patterns of non-Gaussian behavior of image statistics, i.e. high kurtosis, heavy tails, and sharp central cusps are reviewed.
Abstract: Statistical analysis of images reveals two interesting properties: (i) invariance of image statistics to scaling of images, and (ii) non-Gaussian behavior of image statistics, i.e. high kurtosis, heavy tails, and sharp central cusps. In this paper we review some recent results in statistical modeling of natural images that attempt to explain these patterns. Two categories of results are considered: (i) studies of probability models of images or image decompositions (such as Fourier or wavelet decompositions), and (ii) discoveries of underlying image manifolds while restricting to natural images. Applications of these models in areas such as texture analysis, image classification, compression, and denoising are also considered.
TL;DR: In this paper, the thermal and electrical properties of single wall carbon nanotube (CNT)-polymer composites are significantly enhanced by magnetic alignment during processing, and the electrical transport properties are mainly governed by the hopping conduction with localization lengths comparable to bundle diameters.
Abstract: We show that the thermal and electrical properties of single wall carbon nanotube (CNT)-polymer composites are significantly enhanced by magnetic alignment during processing. The electrical transport properties of the composites are mainly governed by the hopping conduction with localization lengths comparable to bundle diameters. The bundling of nanotubes during the composite processing is an important factor for electrical, and in particular, for thermal transport properties. Better CNT isolation will be needed to reach the theoretical thermal conductivity limit for CNT composites.
TL;DR: In this article, a coupled level set/volume of fluid method for computing growth and collapse of vapor bubbles is presented, where the liquid is assumed incompressible and the vapor is assumed to have constant pressure in space, and second order algorithms are used for finding "mass conserving" extension velocities, discretizing the local interfacial curvature and also for discretization of the cell-centered projection step.
TL;DR: This work explored the use of a continuous radon monitor to measure radon concentrations in coastal zone waters over time periods from hours to days and showed that the mixing loss derived from the 223Ra gradient agreed very favorably to the estimated range based on the calculated radon fluxes.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that access to both OT and DA D2-type receptors is necessary for pair bond formation, and that the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) is a brain area important for such OT-DA interactions.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the construction and provision of an Internet database providing private and public sector union membership, coverage, and density estimates compiled from the Current Population Survey (CPS).
Abstract: This note describes the construction and provision of an Internet database providing private and public sector union membership, coverage, and density estimates compiled from the Current Population Survey (CPS). Economy-wide estimates are provided beginning in 1973, estimates by state, detailed industry, and detailed occupation begin in 1983, and estimates by metropolitan area begin in 1986. The database is updated annually and can be accessed at http://www.unionstats.com/.
TL;DR: A model of the antecedents and implications of intergroup anxiety is offered and it is argued that a lack of positive previous experiences with outgroup members creates negative expectancies about interracial interactions, which result in inter group anxiety.
Abstract: Drawing on previous theorizing from both the prejudice and social anxiety literatures, a model of the antecedents and implications of intergroup anxiety is offered. It is argued that a lack of positive previous experiences with outgroup members creates negative expectancies about interracial interactions, which result in intergroup anxiety. This anxiety is posited to result in heightened hostility toward outgroup members and a desire to avoid interacting with outgroup members. Study 1 examined White participants' responses to interacting with Black people using a range of self-report measures; the associations between these responses supported the relationships outlined in the model. Study 2 explored White participants' responses to an anticipated interaction with a Black person or a White person. The findings revealed that high levels of anxiety about an interaction with a Black person, but not a White person, were associated with a lower likelihood of returning for the interaction.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the transverse momentum spectra of neutral pions in the range 1 < p_T < 10 GeV/c and showed that the pi^0 multiplicity in central reactions is significantly below the yields measured at the same squarert(s_NN) in peripheral Au+Au and p+p reactions scaled by the number of nucleon-nucleon collisions.
Abstract: Transverse momentum spectra of neutral pions in the range 1 < p_T < 10 GeV/c have been measured at mid-rapidity by the PHENIX experiment at RHIC in Au+Au collisions at sqrt(s_NN) = 200 GeV. The pi^0 multiplicity in central reactions is significantly below the yields measured at the same sqrt(s_NN) in peripheral Au+Au and p+p reactions scaled by the number of nucleon-nucleon collisions. For the most central bin, the suppression factor is ~2.5 at p_T = 2 GeV/c and increases to ~4-5 at p_T ~= 4 GeV/c. At larger p_T, the suppression remains constant within errors. The deficit is already apparent in semi-peripheral reactions and increases smoothly with centrality.
TL;DR: Inspired by biomolecular self-assembly processes, chemically functionalized patterns on a surface are created to which pre-grown nanotubes in solution can align themselves in huge numbers, which may enable nanotube-based devices, such as computer chips and high-density sensor arrays, to be produced industrially.
Abstract: Nanoscale electronic devices made from carbon nanotubes, such as transistors and sensors, are much smaller and more versatile than those that rely on conventional microelectronic chips, but their development for mass production has been thwarted by difficulties in aligning and integrating the millions of nanotubes required. Inspired by biomolecular self-assembly processes, we have created chemically functionalized patterns on a surface, to which pre-grown nanotubes in solution can align themselves in huge numbers. This method allows wafer-scale fabrication of millions of carbon-nanotube circuits with single-nanotube precision, and may enable nanotube-based devices, such as computer chips and high-density sensor arrays, to be produced industrially.
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TL;DR: ISAJET as mentioned in this paper is a Monte Carlo program which simulates $pp$, $\bar pp$ and $e^+e^-$ interactions at high energies, and it includes several new features, e.g., anomaly mediated SUSY breaking (AMSB) models and right-handed sneutrinos.
Abstract: ISAJET is a Monte Carlo program which simulates $pp$, $\bar pp$ and $e^+e^-$ interactions at high energies. This document summarizes the physics underlying the program and describes how to use it. Version~7.48 includes several new features. Anomaly Mediated SUSY Breaking (AMSB) models and right-handed sneutrinos have been added; the latter play a role, e.g., in inverted hierarchy models. A new process generating $Z+\hbox{2 jets}$ based on the Helas library and MadGraph has been added. Another new process generating Kaluza-Klein gravitons in models with extra dimensions has been added.
TL;DR: This paper used meta-analytic techniques to estimate the true population correlations between various influence tactics and work-related outcomes and found that ingratiation and rationality have positive effects on work outcomes.
Abstract: Recent research on influence tactics has focused on the benefits that accrue as a result of using such tactics. The current study utilizes meta-analytic techniques to estimate the true population correlations between various influence tactics and work-related outcomes. Results indicate that ingratiation and rationality have positive effects on work outcomes. Additional analyses suggest that these and other influence tactics have significant effects in certain situations and on specific work outcomes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich1, Naval Postgraduate School2, Meteorological Service of Canada3, State University of New York System4, Dartmouth College5, Pennsylvania State University6, Florida State University7, Bureau of Meteorology8, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts9, Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University10
TL;DR: In this article, the challenges associated with forecasting extratropical transition are described in terms of the forecast variables (track, intensity, surface winds, precipitation) and their impacts (flooding, bush fires, ocean response).
Abstract: A significant number of tropical cyclones move into the midlatitudes and transform into extratropical cyclones. This process is generally referred to as extratropical transition (ET). During ET a cyclone frequently produces intense rainfall and strong winds and has increased forward motion, so that such systems pose a serious threat to land and maritime activities. Changes in the structure of a system as it evolves from a tropical to an extratropical cyclone during ET necessitate changes in forecast strategies. In this paper a brief climatology of ET is given and the challenges associated with forecasting extratropical transition are described in terms of the forecast variables (track, intensity, surface winds, precipitation) and their impacts (flooding, bush fires, ocean response). The problems associated with the numerical prediction of ET are discussed. A comprehensive review of the current understanding of the processes involved in ET is presented. Classifications of extratropical transition ...
TL;DR: The initiatives discussed in this symposium provide a better understanding of e-government in each location and offer lessons that can be applied to e- government efforts anywhere.
TL;DR: Carver et al. as mentioned in this paper assessed how levels of behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation relate to lifetime diagnoses of depression, anxiety, drug abuse and dependence, alcohol abuseand dependence, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and conduct disorder.
Abstract: Behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation levels have been theorized to relate to a broad range of psychopathologies. To date, however, studies have focused on a single diagnosis, and the measures used to assess different psychopathologies have varied greatly. This study assessed how levels of behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation relate to lifetime diagnoses of depression, anxiety, drug abuse and dependence, alcohol abuseand dependence, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and conduct disorder. A representative community sample of 1,803 individuals between the ages of 19 and 21 in the Miami area was surveyed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and the Behavioral Inhibition and Behavioral Activation Scales (BIS/BAS; C. S. Carver & T. White, 1994). Results supported the role of BIS as a vulnerability factor for depression and anxiety and of BAS Fun Seeking for drug abuse and noncomorbid alcohol diagnoses. Other models were not supported. Goals in understanding BIS and BAS are described, including the need for prospective studies with a broader array of behavioral indices.
TL;DR: The meta-ecosystem concept as mentioned in this paper is defined as a set of ecosystems connected by spatial flows of energy, materials and organisms across ecosystem boundaries, which is a natural extension of the metapopulation and metacommunity concepts.
Abstract: This contribution proposes the meta-ecosystem concept as a natural extension of the metapopulation and metacommunity concepts. A meta-ecosystem is defined as a set of ecosystems connected by spatial flows of energy, materials and organisms across ecosystem boundaries. This concept provides a powerful theoretical tool to understand the emergent properties that arise from spatial coupling of local ecosystems, such as global source–sink constraints, diversity–productivity patterns, stabilization of ecosystem processes and indirect interactions at landscape or regional scales. The meta-ecosystem perspective thereby has the potential to integrate the perspectives of community and landscape ecology, to provide novel fundamental insights into the dynamics and functioning of ecosystems from local to global scales, and to increase our ability to predict the consequences of land-use changes on biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services to human societies.
TL;DR: This article examined the intersection of students' understanding and acceptance of evolution and their epistemological beliefs and cognitive dispositions, and found that students who viewed knowledge as changing and who have a disposition toward open-minded thinking would be more likely to accept the scientific explanation of human evolution, and that beliefs and dispositions would not be related to acceptance of a topic that is generally perceived as noncontroversial.
Abstract: We examined the intersection of students' understanding and acceptance of evolution and their epistemological beliefs and cognitive dispositions. Based on previous research, we hypothesized there would be a relation between understanding and acceptance. We also hypothesized that students who viewed knowledge as changing and who have a disposition toward open-minded thinking would be more likely to accept the scientific explanation of human evolution, and that beliefs and dispositions would not be related to acceptance of a topic that is generally perceived as noncontroversial. Ninety-three undergraduate students enrolled in a nonmajors biology class completed measures of their (a) content knowledge of evolution and photosynthesis and respiration; (b) acceptance of theories of animal evolution, human evolution, and photosynthesis; and (c) epistemological beliefs and cognitive dispositions. Although our findings did reveal a significant relation between knowledge and reported acceptance for photosynthesis, there was no relation between knowledge and acceptance of animal or human evolution. Epistemological beliefs were related to acceptance, but only to the acceptance of human evolution. There was no relation between students' epistemological beliefs and their general acceptance of animal evolution or photosynthesis. Three subscales, Ambiguous Information, Actively Open-Minded Thinking, and Belief Identification, were significantly correlated with understanding evolutionary theory. We argue these findings underscore the importance of intentional level constructs, such as epistemological beliefs and cognitive dispositions, in the learning of potentially controversial topics. 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 40: 510-528, 2003